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leading-edge moment

  • 1 момент относительно передней кромки

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > момент относительно передней кромки

  • 2 вихрь у передней кромки

    Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > вихрь у передней кромки

  • 3 срыв с передней кромки

    Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > срыв с передней кромки

  • 4 крыло с изломом передней кромки

    Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > крыло с изломом передней кромки

  • 5 момент

    instance, moment, ( времени) point
    * * *
    моме́нт м.
    1. физ., мех. moment
    моме́нт возника́ет в, напр. пло́скости — moment occurs in, e. g., a plane
    моме́нт возника́ет в, напр. сече́нии — moment occurs in [at], e. g., a cross-section
    затя́гивать (болт, гайку) [m2]с моме́нтом … кг м — torque (a nut, bolt) to … kg m
    моме́нт, напр. ли́нии или пове́рхности относи́тельно оси́ — moment, e. g., of a line or surface with respect to an axis
    моме́нт относи́тельно, напр. це́нтра или оси́ — a moment about, e. g., the origin or axis
    прикла́дывать моме́нт к оси́ — apply a torque about an axis
    развива́ть (враща́ющий) моме́нт — develop a torque
    уравнове́шивать моме́нт — balance a moment
    уравнове́шивать моме́нты — place moments in equilibrium
    2. ( время) moment, instant, time
    абсолю́тный моме́нт — absolute moment
    аэродинами́ческий моме́нт — aerodynamic [air] moment
    ба́лочный моме́нт — girder moment
    ветрово́й моме́нт — wind moment
    моме́нт в коло́нне — column moment
    возмуща́ющий моме́нт — disturbing [exciting] moment
    восстана́вливающий моме́нт — restoring [righting, stabilizing] moment
    моме́нт в пролё́те — moment of span
    враща́ющий моме́нт — torque
    моме́нт вре́мени, нача́льный — zero time
    моме́нт выгора́ния то́плива — burn-out time
    моме́нт вы́зова тлф.call moment
    моме́нт выключе́ния дви́гателя — cut-off time
    гироскопи́ческий моме́нт — gyroscopic moment
    демпфи́рующий моме́нт — damping moment
    дестабилизи́рующий моме́нт — destabilizing [disturbing] moment
    дипо́льный моме́нт — dipole moment
    дифференту́ющий моме́нт — trimming moment
    дополни́тельный моме́нт — excess torque
    моме́нт жё́сткости — moment of stiffness
    моме́нт зажига́ния двс. — firing point, firing position
    замедля́ющий моме́нт — retarding moment
    моме́нт затуха́ния — damping moment
    моме́нт затя́жки (напр. винта, гайки) — tightening torque
    изгиба́ющий моме́нт — bending moment
    изгиба́ющий моме́нт в консо́ли — cantilever bending moment
    изгиба́ющий, волново́й моме́нт — wave bending moment
    изгиба́ющий моме́нт на ти́хой воде́ — still water bending moment
    изгиба́ющий, приведё́нный моме́нт — equivalent bending moment
    моме́нт и́мпульса — angular momentum, moment of momentum
    моме́нт ине́рции — moment of inertia
    моме́нт ине́рции, гла́вный — principal moment of inertia
    моме́нт ине́рции, осево́й — centroidal moment of inertia
    моме́нт ине́рции относи́тельно норма́льной оси́ — directional moment of inertia, inertia yawing moment
    моме́нт ине́рции относи́тельно попере́чной оси́ — longitudinal moment of inertia, inertia pitching moment
    моме́нт ине́рции относи́тельно продо́льной оси́ — lateral moment of inertia, inertia rolling moment
    моме́нт ине́рции, поля́рный — polar moment of inertia
    моме́нт ине́рции, приведё́нный — equivalent moment of inertia
    моме́нт ине́рции, сме́шанный — product of inertia
    моме́нт ине́рции, центробе́жный — product of inertia
    квадрупо́льный моме́нт — quadrupole moment
    кинети́ческий моме́нт — angular momentum, moment of momentum
    моме́нт коли́чества движе́ния — angular momentum, moment of momentum
    моме́нт коли́чества движе́ния, со́бственный — intrinsic angular momentum, spin
    концево́й моме́нт — end moment
    моме́нт корре́кции ( в гироскопических приборах) — slaving torque
    моме́нт кре́на ав.roll(ing) moment
    креня́щий моме́нт мор.heeling moment
    крити́ческий моме́нт — critical moment
    крутя́щий моме́нт — torque
    крутя́щий моме́нт дви́гателя — engine torque
    крутя́щий моме́нт несу́щего винта́ ав.rotor torque
    крутя́щий, пи́ковый моме́нт — maximum [peak] torque
    крутя́щий, пусково́й моме́нт — starting torque
    моме́нт круче́ния — torsional moment
    моме́нт крыла́ — wing moment
    магни́тный моме́нт — magnetic moment
    моме́нт нагру́зки — load moment, load torque
    неуравнове́шенный моме́нт — unbalanced [unstable] moment
    обра́тный моме́нт — back moment
    одноо́сный моме́нт — single-axis torque
    опо́рный моме́нт — moment of a support
    опроки́дывающий моме́нт
    1. tilting [overturning] moment; pull-out torque
    2. мор. capsizing [overturning] moment
    3. ав. disturbing moment
    орбита́льный моме́нт — orbital moment
    моме́нт осто́йчивости — stability moment
    моме́нт осто́йчивости ма́ссы — weight-stability moment
    моме́нт осто́йчивости фо́рмы — form-stability moment
    моме́нт относи́тельно пере́дней кро́мки ав.leading-edge moment
    моме́нт относи́тельно середи́ны хо́рды ав.half-chord moment
    моме́нт отпира́ния — запира́ния ( в функциональных преобразователях) вчт., элк.breakpoint
    моме́нт от постоя́нной нагру́зки — dead-load moment
    моме́нт отсе́чки дви́гателя косм.cut-off time
    моме́нт от со́бственного ве́са — dead-load moment
    моме́нт отце́пки косм.time of release
    моме́нт па́ры сил — moment of a couple (of forces)
    перехо́дный моме́нт — transient torque
    моме́нт пло́щади, стати́ческий — area-moment ratio
    моме́нт по што́пору ав.prospin(ning) moment
    моме́нт прока́тки — rolling torque
    противоде́йствующий моме́нт — countertorque, restoring torque
    моме́нт про́тив што́пора ав.antispin(ning) moment
    пусково́й моме́нт — starting torque
    разруша́ющий моме́нт — breaking moment, moment of rupture
    моме́нт распределе́ния вероя́тности — moment of a frequency distribution
    расчё́тный моме́нт — design moment
    реакти́вный моме́нт — reactive moment; reactive torque
    результи́рующий моме́нт — net [resulting] moment
    моме́нт руля́ высоты́ — elevator moment
    моме́нт руля́ направле́ния — rudder moment
    моме́нт ры́скания ав.yawing moment
    сва́ливающий моме́нт ав.stalling moment
    моме́нт си́лы — moment of force
    синхронизи́рующий моме́нт — synchronizing torque
    скру́чивающий моме́нт — twisting moment
    сме́шанный моме́нт ( в теории вероятностей) — product moment
    моме́нт сно́са ав.drifting moment
    со́бственный моме́нт — intrinsic moment
    моме́нт сопротивле́ния — moment of resistance
    моме́нт сопротивле́ния враще́нию — antitorque moment
    моме́нт сопротивле́ния попере́чного сече́ния — section modulus
    спи́новый магни́тный моме́нт — spin magnetic moment
    моме́нт сре́за — moment of shearing
    моме́нт сры́ва — break-away torque
    стабилизи́рующий моме́нт — stabilizing moment
    стати́ческий моме́нт — static moment
    моме́нт стра́гивания на ли́нии ста́рта ав.starting point
    моме́нт тангажа́ — pitching moment
    моме́нт те́ла, магни́тный — magnetic moment of a body
    моме́нт те́ла, электри́ческий — electric moment of a body
    тормозно́й моме́нт — braking [drag, retarding] torque
    моме́нт тре́ния — friction(al) torque
    моме́нт тро́гания ( электродвигателя) — break-away torque, жарг. kick-off torque
    моме́нт тя́ги — thrust moment
    моме́нт упру́гости — moment of elasticity
    ускоря́ющий моме́нт — accelerating moment
    моме́нт успокое́ния — damping torque
    моме́нт усто́йчивости — moment of stability
    моме́нт центробе́жной па́ры — centrifugal couple moment
    моме́нт центробе́жной си́лы — centrifugal moment
    шарни́рный моме́нт — hinge moment
    электри́ческий моме́нт — electric (dipole) moment
    моме́нт ядра́ — nuclear spin; nuclear magnetic moment

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > момент

  • 6 опрокидывающий момент

    1. tilting moment; pull-out torque
    2. мор. capsizing moment
    3. ав. disturbing moment

    реактивный момент — reactive moment; reactive torque

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > опрокидывающий момент

  • 7 момент относительно передней кромки

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > момент относительно передней кромки

  • 8 a

    prep.
    1 to.
    voy a Madrid I'm going to Madrid
    me voy al extranjero I'm going abroad
    llegó a Buenos Aires/a la fiesta he arrived in Buenos Aires/at the party
    2 at (moment).
    a las siete at seven o'clock
    a los once años at the age of eleven
    al caer la noche at nightfall
    al oír la noticia se desmayó on hearing the news, she fainted
    Llegué al amanecer I arrived at dawn.
    3 per, every (frecuency).
    40 horas a la semana 40 hours per o a week
    tres veces al día three times a day
    4 to.
    dáselo a Ricardo give it to Ricardo
    dile a Ricardo que venga tell Ricardo to come
    5 to.
    entró a pagar he came in to pay
    aprender a nadar to learn to swim
    6 by, about to, for.
    * * *
    A, a
    nombre femenino (pl as o aes)
    1 (la letra) A, a
    ————————
    A
    1 ( Alteza) Highness; (abreviatura) H
    ————————
    A
    1 ( autopista) motorway; (abreviatura) M
    ————————
    A
    1 ( amperio) ampere, amp; (símbolo) A
    * * *
    prep.
    1) to
    2) into
    3) in
    4) at
    5) on
    6) with
    * * *
    SF = a (=letra) A, a
    * * *
    a femenino (pl aes) ( read as [a]) the letter A, a
    * * *
    = for, per, to.
    Ex. The fine policy matrix corresponds to the loan policy matrix, cell for cell.
    Ex. Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.
    Ex. Accessibility to the documents stored in files is an important factor, so the physical storage is important.
    ----
    * a + Adjetivo + escala = on a + Adjetivo + scale.
    * a alguna parte = someplace.
    * a alta presión = high-pressured, high-pressure.
    * a altas horas de la noche = late at night.
    * a ambas orillas del Atlántico = on both sides of the ocean, on both sides of the Atlantic.
    * a ambos lados de = on either side of.
    * a ambos lados del Altántico = on both sides of the ocean, on both sides of the Atlantic.
    * a ambos lados de + Lugar = on both sides of + Lugar.
    * a años luz de = light years away from.
    * a bajas temperaturas = at low temperature.
    * a bajo coste = low-cost.
    * a bajo costo = low-cost.
    * a bajo nivel = low-level.
    * a bajo precio = lower-cost, at a low price, on the cheap.
    * a base de = in the form of, on a diet of.
    * a base de carne = meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.].
    * a base de cometer errores = the hard way.
    * a base de errores = the hard way.
    * a boca de jarro = at close range.
    * a bocajarro = point blank.
    * a bombo y platillo = fanfare, with a bang.
    * a bordo = aboard, on board ship.
    * a bordo de = aboard, onboard.
    * a bordo de un barco = shipboard, on board ship.
    * a buen recaudo = in a safe place, in safekeeping.
    * a caballo = on horseback, astride.
    * a caballo entre = astride... and..., midway between.
    * a caballo entre... y... = half way between... and....
    * a caballo regalado no se le mira el diente = never look a gift horse in the mouth.
    * a cada rato = every so often, every now and then, every now and again, every once in a while.
    * a cambio = in return.
    * a cambio de = in exchange for, in return for.
    * a cambio de nada = for nothing.
    * a cántaros = cats and dogs.
    * a cargo = in the saddle.
    * a cargo (de) = charged with, in charge (of), at the helm (of).
    * a cargo de Alguien = under supervision.
    * a cargo de las riendas = in the saddle.
    * a cargo del ayuntamiento = local authority-run.
    * a cargo del gobierno = government-operated, government-run.
    * a cargo de una sola persona = one-man band.
    * a cargo de voluntarios = volunteer-run.
    * a chorros = profusely.
    * a ciegas = blindfold, blindly, blindfolded, in the dark.
    * a ciencia cierta = for sure, for certain.
    * a cierta distancia = some distance away.
    * a cierta distancia de = off.
    * a cierta distancia de la costa = offshore.
    * a cierta distancia del litoral = offshore.
    * a cobro revertido = reverse charges.
    * a color = multi-colour [multi-color -USA].
    * a comienzos de + Expresión Temporal = early + Expresión Temporal, the.
    * a comienzos de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha, in the early part of + Fecha.
    * a comienzos de + Período de Tiempo = by the turn of + Período de Tiempo, at the turn of + Período de Tiempo.
    * a conciencia = deliberately, wilfully [willfully, -USA], by design, on purpose.
    * a condición de que + Subjuntivo = provided (that), providing (that), as long as.
    * a contenido enriquecido = content-enriched.
    * a continuación = next, then, in the following, herewith.
    * a continuación se enumeran = given below.
    * a contracorriente = against the grain.
    * a contraluz = against the light.
    * a contrapelo = against the grain, against the nap.
    * a coro = with one voice, in unison.
    * a corto plazo = before very long, short term [short-term], in the short run, short-range, at short notice, in the short term, short-run.
    * a costa de = at the cost of, at the expense of, at + Nombre's + expense, at cost of.
    * a costa de mucho = at (a) great expense.
    * a costa de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a costa de otros = at other people's expense.
    * a criterio de = at the discretion of.
    * a cualquier hora = anytime, around the clock.
    * a cualquier hora del día o de la noche = at any hour of the day or night, at any time of the day or night.
    * a cualquier precio = at any cost, at all costs, at any price.
    * a cuatro aguas = hipped.
    * a cuatro patas = on all fours, on four legs.
    * a cuenta de = at the expense of.
    * a cuenta de la empresa = at company expense.
    * a cuenta de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a cuenta de otros = at other people's expense.
    * a cuenta propia = at + Posesivo + expense, at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * a cuerpo de rey = the lap of luxury.
    * a cuestas = in tow.
    * a decir de todos = by all accounts.
    * a decir verdad = to tell the truth, if the truth be known, if the truth be told, in all truth, in truth, fact is, the fact is (that), to be fair.
    * a decir verdad... = the fact of the matter is that....
    * a demanda = pro re nata.
    * a deshora(s) = at odd times, out of hours.
    * a día de hoy = as of today.
    * a diario = every day.
    * a diestro y siniestro = like there's no tomorrow.
    * a dieta = on a diet.
    * a diferencia de = apart from, as opposed to, in contradistinction to, as contrasted with, in contrast (to/with), quite apart from, in sharp contrast (with).
    * a diferencia de + Nombre = unlike + Nombre.
    * a diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].
    * a discreción = at will, no holds barred.
    * a disgusto = unwillingly, reluctantly.
    * a disposición de = at the disposal of.
    * a distancia = remote, remotely, distantly.
    * a doble espacio = double-spaced.
    * a domicilio = domiciliary.
    * ¿a dónde se dirige(n)...? = whither?.
    * ¿a dónde va(n)...? = whither?.
    * ¿a dónde vas? = quo vadis, whither thou goest.
    * a dos niveles = two-tier.
    * a dos velas = skint, penniless, broke.
    * a duras penas = with great difficulty.
    * a efectos de = in terms of, for the purpose of + Nombre.
    * a efectos prácticos = to all intents and purposes, for all practical purposes, for all intents and purposes, to all intents.
    * a él = him.
    * a ellos = them.
    * a escala = drawn-to-scale.
    * a escala industrial = on an industrial scale, industrial-scale.
    * a escala mundial = globally, on a global scale.
    * a escala natural = full-scale.
    * a escondidas = by stealth, stealthily, furtively, on the quiet, on the sly.
    * a eso = thereto.
    * a espaldas de = out of sight of.
    * a estas alturas = by now.
    * a este fin = to this end.
    * a este paso = at this rate.
    * a este respecto = in this respect.
    * a este ritmo = at this rate.
    * a estrenar = brand new.
    * a examen = under the microscope.
    * a excepción de = barring, except for, excepting, other than, with the exception of, short of.
    * a excepción de que = except that.
    * a excepción de uno = with one exception.
    * a expensas de = at the expense of, at + Nombre's + expense.
    * a expensas de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a expensas de otros = at other people's expense.
    * a + Expresión Temporal = as of + Expresión Temporal.
    * a falta de = for want of, in the absence of, in default of, for lack of, short of.
    * a favor = in favour.
    * a favor de = in favour of.
    * a favor de la decisión personal sobre el aborto = pro-choice.
    * a favor de la esclavitud = pro-slavery.
    * a favor de la raza negra = pro-black [problack].
    * a favor de la vida humana = pro-life.
    * a favor y en contra = pro and con.
    * a + Fecha = as per + Fecha.
    * a finales de = by the end of, at the close of + Expresión Temporal.
    * a finales de + Expresión Temporal = as of late + Expresión Temporal, at the end of + Expresión Temporal, by the close of + Expresión Temporal.
    * a finales de + Fecha = in the late + Fecha, in late + Fecha.
    * a finales de los + Década = late + Década, the.
    * a finales del + Siglo = late + Siglo, late period of + Siglo.
    * a fin de cuentas = at the end of the day, in the end, in the final count, in the grand scheme of things, when all is said and done, after all is said and done.
    * a fondo = fully, thoroughly, full-scale.
    * a fondo perdido = non-refundable.
    * ¡a freír espárragos! = on your bike!.
    * a fuerza de = by dint of.
    * a fuerza de cometer errores = the hard way.
    * a fuerza de errores = the hard way.
    * a gas = gas-powered.
    * a gatas = on all fours.
    * a grandes rasgos = broadly, rough draft.
    * a granel = in bulk.
    * a gran escala = large scale [large-scale], massive, on a wide scale, high-volume, wide-scale, on a broad scale, in a big way, on a grand scale.
    * a gran velocidad = at great speed.
    * a grito limpio = at the top of + Posesivo + voice.
    * a grito pelado = at the top of + Posesivo + voice.
    * a gritos = vociferously.
    * a groso modo = crudely.
    * a grosso modo = roughly, rough draft.
    * a gusto = at ease, at leisure.
    * a gusto de = to the liking of, at the pleasure of.
    * a horcajadas = astride.
    * a hurtadillas = surreptitiously, by stealth, stealthily, furtively, on the sly.
    * a imitación de lo clásico = classicising [classicizing, -USA], classicised [classicized, -USA].
    * a iniciativa de = at the initiative of.
    * a iniciativas del gobierno = government-led.
    * a instancia de = at the urging of.
    * a instancias de = at the instigation of, at the behest of, under the auspices of.
    * a intervalos = at intervals.
    * a intervalos + Adjetivo = at + Adjetivo + intervals.
    * a intervalos semanales = at weekly intervals.
    * a invitación de = at the invitation of.
    * a jabón = soapy [soapier -comp., soapiest -sup.].
    * a juicio = on trial.
    * a juicio público = in the public eye.
    * a juzgar por = to judge by, judging by, judging from.
    * a la acuarela = water-coloured [water-colored, -USA].
    * a la alcaldía = mayoral.
    * a la altura de = of the stature of, equal to.
    * a la altura de la cintura = waist high, waist deep.
    * a la altura de la rodilla = knee-high.
    * a la altura de los hombros = shoulder-high.
    * a la anchura de los hombros = shoulder-width.
    * a la anochecida = at nightfall.
    * a la antigua = old-style.
    * a la antigua usanza = old-style.
    * a la atención de = c/o (care of).
    * a la baja = on the wane.
    * a la brasa = grilled.
    * a la buena de Dios = out in the cold.
    * a la cabeza de = in the forefront of/in.
    * a la caída de la noche = at nightfall, at twilight.
    * a la caída de la tarde = at twilight.
    * a la carta = a la carte.
    * a la defensiva = on the defensive.
    * a la derecha = at the right.
    * a la derecha de = on the right side of, on the right-hand side of.
    * a la deriva = rudderless.
    * a la discreción de = at the discretion of.
    * a la disposición de Alguien = at + Posesivo + disposal.
    * a la expectativa de = on the lookout for, on the alert for.
    * a la + Expresión Temporal = a + Expresión Temporal.
    * a la fuerza = forcefully, of necessity, forcibly, compulsorily.
    * a la fuga = on the run, on the lam.
    * a la hora de + Infinitivo = when it came to + Gerundio, when it comes to + Gerundio.
    * a la hora de la verdad = when push comes to shove, if it comes to the crunch, when it comes to the crunch, when the worst comes to the worst, if the worst comes to the worst, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.
    * a la hora del café = at coffee.
    * a la intemperie = in the open, exposed.
    * a la inversa = mirror-fashion, mirror image, in reverse.
    * a la izquierda = at the left.
    * a la larga = in the long term, over the long term, in the end, eventually, for the long pull, over a period of time, over the long haul, in the far term, ultimately, by and by.
    * a la ligera = lightly.
    * a la luz de = in light of, in the light of.
    * a la luz de la luna = by moonlight, in the moonlight, moonlit.
    * a la luz de las estrellas = by starlight.
    * a la luz de las velas = by candlelight, candlelight, candlelit.
    * a la luz del día = in the light of day.
    * a la luz de una lámpara de gas = by gaslight.
    * a la misma altura que = in the same league as.
    * a la moda = trendy [trendier -comp., trendiest -sup.].
    * a la onda = in the know.
    * a la opinión pública = in the public eye.
    * a la par = in concert, in tandem, neck and neck, in a tandem fashion, in parallel.
    * a la par que = in tandem with, hand in hand (with), as the same time as.
    * a la parrilla = grilled, on the grill.
    * a la perfección = superbly.
    * a la plancha = griddled, on the griddle, on the hotplate.
    * a largo plazo = in the long term, over the long term, long-range, in the long run, long-term, over the long run, over the long haul, long-run, in the far term, far-term.
    * a la salida = on the way out.
    * a la sazón = at that time.
    * a las doce del mediodía = at high noon.
    * a la semana = a week, per week.
    * a las mil maravillas = marvellously [marvelously, -USA], famously, like a house on fire.
    * a la sombra de = in the shadow of.
    * a las puertas de = on the threshold of.
    * a la última = hip [hipper -comp., hippest -sup.], on the fast track, hipped.
    * a la vanguardia = on the cutting edge, on the leading edge, in the fast lane, on the fast track, at the leading edge, on the bleeding edge.
    * a la vanguardia de = in the vanguard of, at the forefront of, in the forefront of/in, at the vanguard of.
    * a la velocidad de la luz = at the speed of light.
    * a la velocidad del rayo = at the speed of lightning.
    * a la velocidad del sonido = at the speed of sound.
    * a la venta = on release.
    * a la vez = at once, at one time, at similar times, at the same time, concurrently, side-by-side, simultaneously, at the same instant, in parallel, in tandem, at the one time, in a tandem fashion, at a time, in unison.
    * a la vez que = hand in hand (with), cum, in conjunction with, in unison with.
    * a la vista = in sight, within sight.
    * a la vista de = in light of, in the light of.
    * a la vuelta de = on the return leg of.
    * a la zaga = not far behind, in tow.
    * al azar = lucky draw, lucky dip.
    * al extremo norte = northernmost.
    * al extremo oeste = westernmost.
    * al hacer esto = in doing so.
    * al norte del estado = upstate.
    * a lo extremo = to the extreme.
    * a lo grande = in a big way, big time, grandly, on a grand scale.
    * a lo hecho, pecho = no use crying over spilt/spilled milk, you've made your bed, now you must lie in it!.
    * a lo largo de = along, down, throughout.
    * a lo largo de + Expresión Temporal = sometime + Expresión Temporal.
    * a lo largo de la historia = over time.
    * a lo largo de la ruta = along the way.
    * a lo largo del tiempo = longitudinal, longitudinally.
    * a lo largo de todo = the entire length of.
    * a lo largo y ancho del país = countrywide [country-wide].
    * a lo largo y ancho de + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.
    * a lo lejos = in the distance.
    * a lo loco = helter-skelter, like there's no tomorrow.
    * a lo máximo = at best, at most, at the most.
    * a lo mejor = perhaps.
    * a lo que salga = come what may.
    * a los ojos de = in the eyes of.
    * a lo sumo = at best, at most, at the most.
    * al otro lado del atlántico = across the pond.
    * al otro lado del charco = across the pond.
    * al otro lado del océano = across the pond.
    * a lo zombi = zombielike.
    * a mano = by hand, manually, nearby [near-by], handy, within reach, within easy reach.
    * a mano alzada = by a show of hands.
    * a mano derecha de = on the right side of, on the right-hand side of.
    * a manojos = by the handful.
    * a manos de = at the hands of.
    * a marchas forzadas = in a rush, against the clock.
    * a mares = cats and dogs.
    * a más largo plazo = longer-term.
    * a más..., más... = the + Comparativo..., the + Comparativo....
    * a más tardar = at the latest.
    * a mata caballo = in a hurry, hurried, hurriedly, helter-skelter.
    * a media asta = at half-mast, at half staff.
    * a mediados de = in the middle decades of.
    * a mediados de + Fecha = in the mid + Fecha.
    * a mediados de semana = midweek.
    * a media jornada = half-time [half time].
    * a media mañana = mid-morning.
    * a medianoche = at midnight.
    * a medias = half-hearted [halfhearted], qualified.
    * a medias entre... y... = betwixt and between.
    * a medida = custom, bespoke.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * a medida que pasaba el tiempo = as time passed (by), as time went by.
    * a medida que pasa el tiempo = as time passes (by).
    * a medida que pasa + Expresión Temporal = as + Expresión Temporal + go by.
    * a medida que + pasar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + pasar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * a medida que se necesite = on demand, on request, as required.
    * a medida que + transcurrir + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + transcurrir + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * a medio abrir = half-opened.
    * a medio camino = halfway [half-way/half way].
    * a medio comprender = half-understood.
    * a medio formar = half-formed.
    * a medio fuego = medium heat.
    * a medio hacer = halfway done, half done.
    * a medio plazo = medium-term, near-term, in the medium term, in the mid-term, mid-term [midterm].
    * a medio rimar = half-rhymed.
    * a medio vestir = half dressed.
    * a menor escala = at a reduced rate.
    * a menos que = unless, short of.
    * a menudo = oftentimes [often times], ofttimes [oft-times].
    * a merced de = at the mercy of.
    * a mí = me.
    * a mi entender = to my mind.
    * a mi modo de ver = in my books.
    * a mi parecer = to my mind, methinks, in my books.
    * a mitad de = half way through, halfway through.
    * a mitad de camino = halfway [half-way/half way].
    * a mitad de camino entre... y... = midway between, half way between... and....
    * a mitad de camino entre... y... = astride... and....
    * a mitad de precio = at half price.
    * a mí también me gustaría tener la misma oportunidad = turnabout is fair play.
    * a modo de = by way of, in the vein of, as a kind of.
    * a modo de aclaración = in parenthesis, on a sidenote.
    * a modo de advertencia = cautionary.
    * a modo de ejemplo = by way of illustration.
    * a modo de explicación = parenthetically.
    * a modo de ilustración = by way of illustration.
    * a modo de inciso = in passing, by the way of (a) digression.
    * a modo de paréntesis = parenthetical.
    * a modo de prólogo = prefatory.
    * a modo de resumen = wrap-up.
    * a mogollón = aplenty [a-plenty].
    * a montón = aplenty [a-plenty].
    * a montones = in droves, by the sackful.
    * a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * a muerte = bitter, bitterly.
    * a nadie le importa nada = nobody + gives a damn.
    * a nivel de barrio = neighbourhood-based.
    * a nivel de calle = on the ground level.
    * a nivel de la calle = at ground level.
    * a nivel del suelo = at ground level.
    * a nivel estatal = statewide [state-wide].
    * a nivel federal = federally, federally.
    * a nivel individual = privately.
    * a nivel local = locally, domestically.
    * a nivel multicultural = multi-culturally [multiculturally].
    * a nivel mundial = worldwide [world-wide], globally.
    * a nivel nacional = nationally, domestically, countrywide [country-wide].
    * a nivel privado = privately.
    * a nivel regional = regionally.
    * a nombre de = payable to.
    * a no ser que = unless.
    * a nosotros = us.
    * a ojo = ocular.
    * a ojos vista = before + Posesivo + (own two) eyes.
    * a orillas del océano = oceanfront.
    * a orillas del río = riverfront.
    * a orillas de un lago = lakeside, lakefront, by the lakeside.
    * a otro sitio = somewhere else.
    * a pares = in pairs.
    * a partes iguales = share and share alike, in equal measure(s).
    * a partir de = on the basis of, based on, working from, from, on a diet of, in response to.
    * a partir de ahora = from now on, from this point on, henceforth, as of now.
    * a partir de ahora y durante + Cuantificador + años = for + Cuantificador + years to come.
    * a partir de aquí = hereupon.
    * a partir de ello = therefrom.
    * a partir de entonces = from this time on, hereafter, thereafter, whereafter, from then on, thenceforth, henceforth, from that moment on.
    * a partir de ese momento = from that moment on.
    * a partir de este momento = hereinafter.
    * a partir de esto = on this basis, on that basis.
    * a partir de + Fecha = from + Fecha, effective + Fecha.
    * a partir de hoy = as from today.
    * a partir de la medianoche = late night.
    * a partir de los títulos = title-based.
    * a paso de tortuga = at a snail's pace.
    * a paso ligero = on the double.
    * a pasos agigantados = at an exponential rate, at exponential rates, by leaps and bounds.
    * a pedir de boca = without a hitch.
    * a pequeña escala = in a small way, small scale [small-scale].
    * a perpetuidad = in perpetuity.
    * a pesar de (que) = albeit (that), despite, in spite of, notwithstanding, although, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that.
    * a pesar de todo = all the same, in spite of everything, despite everything, despite it all, in spite of it all, all this said.
    * a pesar de todo + Posesivo + Nombre = for all + Posesivo + Nombre.
    * a petición de = at the request of, at the urging of, at the behest of.
    * a petición del usuario = on demand, on request.
    * a petición popular = by popular demand.
    * a pie = on foot, afoot, dismounted.
    * a pilas = battery-operated.
    * a pique = sinking.
    * a placer = at will.
    * a plena luz del día = in broad daylight.
    * a poca distancia = not far behind.
    * a poca distancia andando = within walking distance, within an easy walk.
    * a poca distancia a pie = within an easy walk, within walking distance.
    * a pocos minutos andando = within walking distance, within easy walking distance, within an easy walk.
    * a pocos minutos a pie = within walking distance, within easy walking distance, within an easy walk.
    * a porrillo = by the handful.
    * a + Posesivo + aire = to + Posesivo + heart's content.
    * a + Posesivo + alcance = in the ballpark for + Pronombre, in + Posesivo + ballpark range.
    * a + Posesivo + costa = at + Posesivo + expense.
    * a + Posesivo + cuidado = in + Posesivo + safekeeping.
    * a + Posesivo + discreción = at will, at + Posesivo + discretion.
    * a + Posesivo + disposición = at + Posesivo + disposal.
    * a + Posesivo + entender = to the best of + Posesivo + belief.
    * a + Posesivo + espaldas = behind + Posesivo + back.
    * a + Posesivo + expensas = at + Posesivo + expense.
    * a + Posesivo + favor = in + Posesivo + favour, to + Posesivo + credit.
    * a + Posesivo + juicio = in + Posesivo + estimation.
    * a + Posesivo + manera = in + Posesivo + own way.
    * a + Posesivo + saber = to the best of + Posesivo + knowledge.
    * a + Posesivo + saber y entender = to the best of + Posesivo + knowledge and belief.
    * a + Posesivo + servicio = at + Posesivo + service.
    * a + Posesivo + sorprender = much to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * a + Posesivo + vista = before + Posesivo + (own two) eyes.
    * a posteriori = reactive, in retrospect, after-the-fact, hindsight, with hindsight, a posteriori, in hindsight.
    * a precio de coste = at cost price, at cost.
    * a precio de costo = at cost price, at cost.
    * a precio de ganga = at a steal.
    * a precio especial = at reduced cost, discounted, cut-rate, cut-price.
    * a precio razonable = at reasonable cost(s).
    * a precio reducido = at a discount.
    * a precios competitivos = competitively priced.
    * a precios especiales = at reduced rates, at preferential rates.
    * a precios razonables = at affordable prices.
    * a presión = pressurised [pressurized, -USA].
    * a primera hora de la mañana = first thing in the morning.
    * a primera hora de + Período del Día = first thing + Período del Día.
    * a primeras horas de la tarde = late afternoon.
    * a primera vista = on first acquaintance, at first sight, on first inspection, on the face of it, at first blush, at first glance, on the surface, prima facie, first-blush.
    * a primeros de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha.
    * a principios de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha.
    * a principios de los + Década = early + Década, the.
    * a priori = proactive [pro-active], foresight, a priori, on the surface.
    * a prisa = quickly.
    * a propósito = deliberate, for the record, incidentally, intentionally, by the way, in passing, anecdotally, purposely, by design, on purpose, wilfully [willfully, -USA], on a sidenote, studiously, by the way of (a) digression, by the by(e), speaking of which, designedly.
    * a propósito de = apropos of.
    * a propósito de nada = for no specific reason, for no particular reason.
    * a prueba = on trial.
    * a prueba de bombas = ruggedised [ruggedized, -USA], bomb-proof.
    * a prueba de conejos = rabbit-proof.
    * a prueba de fallos = fail-safe.
    * a prueba de incendios = fireproof [fire-proof].
    * a prueba de niños = childproof.
    * a prueba de robos = theft proof.
    * a prueba de tornados = tornado proof.
    * a prueba de un tratamiento duro = ruggedised [ruggedized, -USA].
    * a prueba de viento = windproof.
    * a puerta cerrada = behind closed doors.
    * a punta de pistola = at gunpoint.
    * a punto de = on the verge of, a heartbeat away from.
    * a punto de + Infinitivo = about to + Infinitivo.
    * a punto de irse a pique = on the rocks.
    * a punto de morir = on + Posesivo + deathbed.
    * a puñados = by the sackful, by the handful.
    * a quemarropa = point blank.
    * a quien madruga, Dios le ayuda = the early bird catches the worm.
    * a quienquiera que = whomever.
    * a rachas = by fits and starts.
    * a ráfagas = in bursts.
    * a raíz de = in the wake of.
    * a rajatabla = to the letter.
    * a ras de = flush with.
    * a ras de la calle = ground-floor.
    * a ras del suelo = at ground level.
    * a rastras = in tow.
    * a ratos = intermittently.
    * a reacción = jet-assisted.
    * a rebosar (de) = jam-packed (with), filled to capacity.
    * a regañadientes = grudgingly, grudging, begrudgingly, unwillingly, reluctantly.
    * a régimen = on a diet.
    * a remolque = in tow.
    * a reventar (de) = jam-packed (with), filled to capacity.
    * a saber = namely, viz, to wit.
    * a sabiendas = knowing, knowingly, wilfully [willfully, -USA].
    * a sabiendas de que = on the understanding that.
    * a sacudidas = jerkily.
    * a saltitos = jerky [jerkier -comp., jerkiest -sup.].
    * a salvo = in a safe place, in safekeeping, out of harm's way.
    * a sangre fría = cold-blooded.
    * a ser posible = if possible.
    * a simple vista = by the naked eye, superficially, on first thought.
    * a solas = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.
    * a su debido tiempo = in due course, timely, in due time.
    * a sueldo = paid.
    * a su precio normal = at full price.
    * a su propio ritmo = at an individual pace.
    * a su tiempo = in a timely fashion, in due course, in a timely manner.
    * a su vez = Verbo + further, in turn, in its/their turn.
    * a tal efecto = to this effect.
    * a tales efectos = hereto.
    * a tarifa reducida = at reduced cost.
    * a tarifas especiales = at reduced rates, at preferential rates.
    * a temperatura ambiente = at room temperature.
    * a tener en cuenta en el futuro = for future reference.
    * a tenor de = in light of, in the face of, in the light of, in view of.
    * a ti = you, thee.
    * a tiempo = in timely fashion, on time, promptly, timely, just in time, in time.
    * a tiempo completo = full-time.
    * a tiempo parcial = part-time.
    * a tientas = in the dark.
    * a tientas y a ciegas = blindly, in the dark.
    * a ti mismo = yourself, thyself.
    * a tiro = within gunshot, within range.
    * a tirones = jerky [jerkier -comp., jerkiest -sup.].
    * a título de = by way of, for the sake of.
    * a título gratuito = gratuitous.
    * a título personal = in a personal capacity, in a private capacity.
    * a toda costa = absolutely, at all costs, come what may, at any cost, at any price.
    * a toda máquina = in the fast lane, fast lane, full steam ahead, at full tilt, full-tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.
    * a toda marcha = at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a toda mecha = at a rate of knots, full steam ahead, at full blast, at full throttle, at top speed, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a toda pasta = at a rate of knots.
    * a toda pastilla = in the fast lane, on the fast track, fast lane, overdrive, full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at a rate of knots, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.
    * a toda prueba = unswerving.
    * a todas horas = at all hours, around the clock.
    * a todas luces = patently.
    * a todas partes = far and wide.
    * a toda velocidad = full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.
    * a todo alrededor = all round.
    * a todo color = full-colour, in full colour.
    * a todo gas = full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a todo lo largo de = the length of.
    * a todo meter = full steam ahead, at full stretch, at full speed, at full blast, at top speed, at full throttle.
    * a todo ritmo = in full swing, in full force, in full gear.
    * a todos lados = far and wide.
    * a todos los efectos = to all intents and purposes, to all intents, for all practical purposes, for all intents and purposes.
    * a todos los niveles = at all levels.
    * a todos nosotros = us all.
    * a todos por igual = one size fits all.
    * a todo vapor = full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a todo volumen = at full blast.
    * a tontas y a ciegas = headlong, runaway.
    * a tontas y locas = like there's no tomorrow, without rhyme or reason.
    * a tope = packed to capacity, in the fast lane, fast lane, choc-a-block, chock-full, in full swing, in full gear, packed to the rafters.
    * a trancas y barrancas = with great difficulty, by fits and starts.
    * a través de = by way of, in the form of, through, via, out of, through the agency of.
    * a través de Internet = Internet-based, Web-based, Web-supported.
    * a través de la historia = over time.
    * a través de la TI = IT-enabled.
    * a través de la web = Web-based, Web-supported.
    * a través de los años = over the years, down the years.
    * a través de los ojos de = through the eyes of.
    * a través de los siglos = over the centuries.
    * a través del teléfono = call-in.
    * a través del tiempo = over time.
    * a través de operador = operator-assisted.
    * a tres bandas = three pronged.
    * a tres niveles = three-tiered.
    * a troche y moche = like there's no tomorrow.
    * a trompicones = by fits and starts.
    * a tropezones = falteringly, hesitantly, haltingly, jerkily.
    * a trozos = piecewise.
    * ¡A tu salud! = Here's to you!.
    * a última hora = at the last minute, at the eleventh hour, last minute [last-minute], at the very last minute, at the very last moment, at the very last.
    * a últimas horas de la tarde = late evening.
    [b]* a últ
    * * *
    a femenino (pl aes) ( read as [a]) the letter A, a
    * * *
    = for, per, to.

    Ex: The fine policy matrix corresponds to the loan policy matrix, cell for cell.

    Ex: Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.
    Ex: Accessibility to the documents stored in files is an important factor, so the physical storage is important.
    * a + Adjetivo + escala = on a + Adjetivo + scale.
    * a alguna parte = someplace.
    * a alta presión = high-pressured, high-pressure.
    * a altas horas de la noche = late at night.
    * a ambas orillas del Atlántico = on both sides of the ocean, on both sides of the Atlantic.
    * a ambos lados de = on either side of.
    * a ambos lados del Altántico = on both sides of the ocean, on both sides of the Atlantic.
    * a ambos lados de + Lugar = on both sides of + Lugar.
    * a años luz de = light years away from.
    * a bajas temperaturas = at low temperature.
    * a bajo coste = low-cost.
    * a bajo costo = low-cost.
    * a bajo nivel = low-level.
    * a bajo precio = lower-cost, at a low price, on the cheap.
    * a base de = in the form of, on a diet of.
    * a base de carne = meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.].
    * a base de cometer errores = the hard way.
    * a base de errores = the hard way.
    * a boca de jarro = at close range.
    * a bocajarro = point blank.
    * a bombo y platillo = fanfare, with a bang.
    * a bordo = aboard, on board ship.
    * a bordo de = aboard, onboard.
    * a bordo de un barco = shipboard, on board ship.
    * a buen recaudo = in a safe place, in safekeeping.
    * a caballo = on horseback, astride.
    * a caballo entre = astride... and..., midway between.
    * a caballo entre... y... = half way between... and....
    * a caballo regalado no se le mira el diente = never look a gift horse in the mouth.
    * a cada rato = every so often, every now and then, every now and again, every once in a while.
    * a cambio = in return.
    * a cambio de = in exchange for, in return for.
    * a cambio de nada = for nothing.
    * a cántaros = cats and dogs.
    * a cargo = in the saddle.
    * a cargo (de) = charged with, in charge (of), at the helm (of).
    * a cargo de Alguien = under supervision.
    * a cargo de las riendas = in the saddle.
    * a cargo del ayuntamiento = local authority-run.
    * a cargo del gobierno = government-operated, government-run.
    * a cargo de una sola persona = one-man band.
    * a cargo de voluntarios = volunteer-run.
    * a chorros = profusely.
    * a ciegas = blindfold, blindly, blindfolded, in the dark.
    * a ciencia cierta = for sure, for certain.
    * a cierta distancia = some distance away.
    * a cierta distancia de = off.
    * a cierta distancia de la costa = offshore.
    * a cierta distancia del litoral = offshore.
    * a cobro revertido = reverse charges.
    * a color = multi-colour [multi-color -USA].
    * a comienzos de + Expresión Temporal = early + Expresión Temporal, the.
    * a comienzos de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha, in the early part of + Fecha.
    * a comienzos de + Período de Tiempo = by the turn of + Período de Tiempo, at the turn of + Período de Tiempo.
    * a conciencia = deliberately, wilfully [willfully, -USA], by design, on purpose.
    * a condición de que + Subjuntivo = provided (that), providing (that), as long as.
    * a contenido enriquecido = content-enriched.
    * a continuación = next, then, in the following, herewith.
    * a continuación se enumeran = given below.
    * a contracorriente = against the grain.
    * a contraluz = against the light.
    * a contrapelo = against the grain, against the nap.
    * a coro = with one voice, in unison.
    * a corto plazo = before very long, short term [short-term], in the short run, short-range, at short notice, in the short term, short-run.
    * a costa de = at the cost of, at the expense of, at + Nombre's + expense, at cost of.
    * a costa de mucho = at (a) great expense.
    * a costa de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a costa de otros = at other people's expense.
    * a criterio de = at the discretion of.
    * a cualquier hora = anytime, around the clock.
    * a cualquier hora del día o de la noche = at any hour of the day or night, at any time of the day or night.
    * a cualquier precio = at any cost, at all costs, at any price.
    * a cuatro aguas = hipped.
    * a cuatro patas = on all fours, on four legs.
    * a cuenta de = at the expense of.
    * a cuenta de la empresa = at company expense.
    * a cuenta de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a cuenta de otros = at other people's expense.
    * a cuenta propia = at + Posesivo + expense, at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * a cuerpo de rey = the lap of luxury.
    * a cuestas = in tow.
    * a decir de todos = by all accounts.
    * a decir verdad = to tell the truth, if the truth be known, if the truth be told, in all truth, in truth, fact is, the fact is (that), to be fair.
    * a decir verdad... = the fact of the matter is that....
    * a demanda = pro re nata.
    * a deshora(s) = at odd times, out of hours.
    * a día de hoy = as of today.
    * a diario = every day.
    * a diestro y siniestro = like there's no tomorrow.
    * a dieta = on a diet.
    * a diferencia de = apart from, as opposed to, in contradistinction to, as contrasted with, in contrast (to/with), quite apart from, in sharp contrast (with).
    * a diferencia de + Nombre = unlike + Nombre.
    * a diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].
    * a discreción = at will, no holds barred.
    * a disgusto = unwillingly, reluctantly.
    * a disposición de = at the disposal of.
    * a distancia = remote, remotely, distantly.
    * a doble espacio = double-spaced.
    * a domicilio = domiciliary.
    * ¿a dónde se dirige(n)...? = whither?.
    * ¿a dónde va(n)...? = whither?.
    * ¿a dónde vas? = quo vadis, whither thou goest.
    * a dos niveles = two-tier.
    * a dos velas = skint, penniless, broke.
    * a duras penas = with great difficulty.
    * a efectos de = in terms of, for the purpose of + Nombre.
    * a efectos prácticos = to all intents and purposes, for all practical purposes, for all intents and purposes, to all intents.
    * a él = him.
    * a ellos = them.
    * a escala = drawn-to-scale.
    * a escala industrial = on an industrial scale, industrial-scale.
    * a escala mundial = globally, on a global scale.
    * a escala natural = full-scale.
    * a escondidas = by stealth, stealthily, furtively, on the quiet, on the sly.
    * a eso = thereto.
    * a espaldas de = out of sight of.
    * a estas alturas = by now.
    * a este fin = to this end.
    * a este paso = at this rate.
    * a este respecto = in this respect.
    * a este ritmo = at this rate.
    * a estrenar = brand new.
    * a examen = under the microscope.
    * a excepción de = barring, except for, excepting, other than, with the exception of, short of.
    * a excepción de que = except that.
    * a excepción de uno = with one exception.
    * a expensas de = at the expense of, at + Nombre's + expense.
    * a expensas de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a expensas de otros = at other people's expense.
    * a + Expresión Temporal = as of + Expresión Temporal.
    * a falta de = for want of, in the absence of, in default of, for lack of, short of.
    * a favor = in favour.
    * a favor de = in favour of.
    * a favor de la decisión personal sobre el aborto = pro-choice.
    * a favor de la esclavitud = pro-slavery.
    * a favor de la raza negra = pro-black [problack].
    * a favor de la vida humana = pro-life.
    * a favor y en contra = pro and con.
    * a + Fecha = as per + Fecha.
    * a finales de = by the end of, at the close of + Expresión Temporal.
    * a finales de + Expresión Temporal = as of late + Expresión Temporal, at the end of + Expresión Temporal, by the close of + Expresión Temporal.
    * a finales de + Fecha = in the late + Fecha, in late + Fecha.
    * a finales de los + Década = late + Década, the.
    * a finales del + Siglo = late + Siglo, late period of + Siglo.
    * a fin de cuentas = at the end of the day, in the end, in the final count, in the grand scheme of things, when all is said and done, after all is said and done.
    * a fondo = fully, thoroughly, full-scale.
    * a fondo perdido = non-refundable.
    * ¡a freír espárragos! = on your bike!.
    * a fuerza de = by dint of.
    * a fuerza de cometer errores = the hard way.
    * a fuerza de errores = the hard way.
    * a gas = gas-powered.
    * a gatas = on all fours.
    * a grandes rasgos = broadly, rough draft.
    * a granel = in bulk.
    * a gran escala = large scale [large-scale], massive, on a wide scale, high-volume, wide-scale, on a broad scale, in a big way, on a grand scale.
    * a gran velocidad = at great speed.
    * a grito limpio = at the top of + Posesivo + voice.
    * a grito pelado = at the top of + Posesivo + voice.
    * a gritos = vociferously.
    * a groso modo = crudely.
    * a grosso modo = roughly, rough draft.
    * a gusto = at ease, at leisure.
    * a gusto de = to the liking of, at the pleasure of.
    * a horcajadas = astride.
    * a hurtadillas = surreptitiously, by stealth, stealthily, furtively, on the sly.
    * a imitación de lo clásico = classicising [classicizing, -USA], classicised [classicized, -USA].
    * a iniciativa de = at the initiative of.
    * a iniciativas del gobierno = government-led.
    * a instancia de = at the urging of.
    * a instancias de = at the instigation of, at the behest of, under the auspices of.
    * a intervalos = at intervals.
    * a intervalos + Adjetivo = at + Adjetivo + intervals.
    * a intervalos semanales = at weekly intervals.
    * a invitación de = at the invitation of.
    * a jabón = soapy [soapier -comp., soapiest -sup.].
    * a juicio = on trial.
    * a juicio público = in the public eye.
    * a juzgar por = to judge by, judging by, judging from.
    * a la acuarela = water-coloured [water-colored, -USA].
    * a la alcaldía = mayoral.
    * a la altura de = of the stature of, equal to.
    * a la altura de la cintura = waist high, waist deep.
    * a la altura de la rodilla = knee-high.
    * a la altura de los hombros = shoulder-high.
    * a la anchura de los hombros = shoulder-width.
    * a la anochecida = at nightfall.
    * a la antigua = old-style.
    * a la antigua usanza = old-style.
    * a la atención de = c/o (care of).
    * a la baja = on the wane.
    * a la brasa = grilled.
    * a la buena de Dios = out in the cold.
    * a la cabeza de = in the forefront of/in.
    * a la caída de la noche = at nightfall, at twilight.
    * a la caída de la tarde = at twilight.
    * a la carta = a la carte.
    * a la defensiva = on the defensive.
    * a la derecha = at the right.
    * a la derecha de = on the right side of, on the right-hand side of.
    * a la deriva = rudderless.
    * a la discreción de = at the discretion of.
    * a la disposición de Alguien = at + Posesivo + disposal.
    * a la expectativa de = on the lookout for, on the alert for.
    * a la + Expresión Temporal = a + Expresión Temporal.
    * a la fuerza = forcefully, of necessity, forcibly, compulsorily.
    * a la fuga = on the run, on the lam.
    * a la hora de + Infinitivo = when it came to + Gerundio, when it comes to + Gerundio.
    * a la hora de la verdad = when push comes to shove, if it comes to the crunch, when it comes to the crunch, when the worst comes to the worst, if the worst comes to the worst, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.
    * a la hora del café = at coffee.
    * a la intemperie = in the open, exposed.
    * a la inversa = mirror-fashion, mirror image, in reverse.
    * a la izquierda = at the left.
    * a la larga = in the long term, over the long term, in the end, eventually, for the long pull, over a period of time, over the long haul, in the far term, ultimately, by and by.
    * a la ligera = lightly.
    * a la luz de = in light of, in the light of.
    * a la luz de la luna = by moonlight, in the moonlight, moonlit.
    * a la luz de las estrellas = by starlight.
    * a la luz de las velas = by candlelight, candlelight, candlelit.
    * a la luz del día = in the light of day.
    * a la luz de una lámpara de gas = by gaslight.
    * a la mano de = available at the fingertips of.
    * a la misma altura que = in the same league as.
    * a la moda = trendy [trendier -comp., trendiest -sup.].
    * a la onda = in the know.
    * a la opinión pública = in the public eye.
    * a la par = in concert, in tandem, neck and neck, in a tandem fashion, in parallel.
    * a la par que = in tandem with, hand in hand (with), as the same time as.
    * a la parrilla = grilled, on the grill.
    * a la perfección = superbly.
    * a la plancha = griddled, on the griddle, on the hotplate.
    * a largo plazo = in the long term, over the long term, long-range, in the long run, long-term, over the long run, over the long haul, long-run, in the far term, far-term.
    * a la salida = on the way out.
    * a la sazón = at that time.
    * a las doce del mediodía = at high noon.
    * a la semana = a week, per week.
    * a las mil maravillas = marvellously [marvelously, -USA], famously, like a house on fire.
    * a la sombra de = in the shadow of.
    * a las puertas de = on the threshold of.
    * a la última = hip [hipper -comp., hippest -sup.], on the fast track, hipped.
    * a la vanguardia = on the cutting edge, on the leading edge, in the fast lane, on the fast track, at the leading edge, on the bleeding edge.
    * a la vanguardia de = in the vanguard of, at the forefront of, in the forefront of/in, at the vanguard of.
    * a la velocidad de la luz = at the speed of light.
    * a la velocidad del rayo = at the speed of lightning.
    * a la velocidad del sonido = at the speed of sound.
    * a la venta = on release.
    * a la vez = at once, at one time, at similar times, at the same time, concurrently, side-by-side, simultaneously, at the same instant, in parallel, in tandem, at the one time, in a tandem fashion, at a time, in unison.
    * a la vez que = hand in hand (with), cum, in conjunction with, in unison with.
    * a la vista = in sight, within sight.
    * a la vista de = in light of, in the light of.
    * a la vuelta de = on the return leg of.
    * a la zaga = not far behind, in tow.
    * al azar = lucky draw, lucky dip.
    * al extremo norte = northernmost.
    * al extremo oeste = westernmost.
    * al hacer esto = in doing so.
    * al norte del estado = upstate.
    * a lo extremo = to the extreme.
    * a lo grande = in a big way, big time, grandly, on a grand scale.
    * a lo hecho, pecho = no use crying over spilt/spilled milk, you've made your bed, now you must lie in it!.
    * a lo largo de = along, down, throughout.
    * a lo largo de + Expresión Temporal = sometime + Expresión Temporal.
    * a lo largo de la historia = over time.
    * a lo largo de la ruta = along the way.
    * a lo largo del tiempo = longitudinal, longitudinally.
    * a lo largo de todo = the entire length of.
    * a lo largo y ancho del país = countrywide [country-wide].
    * a lo largo y ancho de + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.
    * a lo lejos = in the distance.
    * a lo loco = helter-skelter, like there's no tomorrow.
    * a lo máximo = at best, at most, at the most.
    * a lo mejor = perhaps.
    * a lo que salga = come what may.
    * a los ojos de = in the eyes of.
    * a lo sumo = at best, at most, at the most.
    * al otro lado del atlántico = across the pond.
    * al otro lado del charco = across the pond.
    * al otro lado del océano = across the pond.
    * a lo zombi = zombielike.
    * a mano = by hand, manually, nearby [near-by], handy, within reach, within easy reach.
    * a mano alzada = by a show of hands.
    * a mano derecha de = on the right side of, on the right-hand side of.
    * a manojos = by the handful.
    * a manos de = at the hands of.
    * a marchas forzadas = in a rush, against the clock.
    * a mares = cats and dogs.
    * a más largo plazo = longer-term.
    * a más..., más... = the + Comparativo..., the + Comparativo....
    * a más tardar = at the latest.
    * a mata caballo = in a hurry, hurried, hurriedly, helter-skelter.
    * a media asta = at half-mast, at half staff.
    * a mediados de = in the middle decades of.
    * a mediados de + Fecha = in the mid + Fecha.
    * a mediados de semana = midweek.
    * a media jornada = half-time [half time].
    * a media mañana = mid-morning.
    * a medianoche = at midnight.
    * a medias = half-hearted [halfhearted], qualified.
    * a medias entre... y... = betwixt and between.
    * a medida = custom, bespoke.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * a medida que pasaba el tiempo = as time passed (by), as time went by.
    * a medida que pasa el tiempo = as time passes (by).
    * a medida que pasa + Expresión Temporal = as + Expresión Temporal + go by.
    * a medida que + pasar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + pasar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * a medida que se necesite = on demand, on request, as required.
    * a medida que + transcurrir + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + transcurrir + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * a medio abrir = half-opened.
    * a medio camino = halfway [half-way/half way].
    * a medio comprender = half-understood.
    * a medio formar = half-formed.
    * a medio fuego = medium heat.
    * a medio hacer = halfway done, half done.
    * a medio plazo = medium-term, near-term, in the medium term, in the mid-term, mid-term [midterm].
    * a medio rimar = half-rhymed.
    * a medio vestir = half dressed.
    * a menor escala = at a reduced rate.
    * a menos que = unless, short of.
    * a menudo = oftentimes [often times], ofttimes [oft-times].
    * a merced de = at the mercy of.
    * a mí = me.
    * a mi entender = to my mind.
    * a mi modo de ver = in my books.
    * a mi parecer = to my mind, methinks, in my books.
    * a mitad de = half way through, halfway through.
    * a mitad de camino = halfway [half-way/half way].
    * a mitad de camino entre... y... = midway between, half way between... and....
    * a mitad de camino entre... y... = astride... and....
    * a mitad de precio = at half price.
    * a mí también me gustaría tener la misma oportunidad = turnabout is fair play.
    * a modo de = by way of, in the vein of, as a kind of.
    * a modo de aclaración = in parenthesis, on a sidenote.
    * a modo de advertencia = cautionary.
    * a modo de ejemplo = by way of illustration.
    * a modo de explicación = parenthetically.
    * a modo de ilustración = by way of illustration.
    * a modo de inciso = in passing, by the way of (a) digression.
    * a modo de paréntesis = parenthetical.
    * a modo de prólogo = prefatory.
    * a modo de resumen = wrap-up.
    * a mogollón = aplenty [a-plenty].
    * a montón = aplenty [a-plenty].
    * a montones = in droves, by the sackful.
    * a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * a muerte = bitter, bitterly.
    * a nadie le importa nada = nobody + gives a damn.
    * a nivel de barrio = neighbourhood-based.
    * a nivel de calle = on the ground level.
    * a nivel de la calle = at ground level.
    * a nivel del suelo = at ground level.
    * a nivel estatal = statewide [state-wide].
    * a nivel federal = federally, federally.
    * a nivel individual = privately.
    * a nivel local = locally, domestically.
    * a nivel multicultural = multi-culturally [multiculturally].
    * a nivel mundial = worldwide [world-wide], globally.
    * a nivel nacional = nationally, domestically, countrywide [country-wide].
    * a nivel privado = privately.
    * a nivel regional = regionally.
    * a nombre de = payable to.
    * a no ser que = unless.
    * a nosotros = us.
    * a ojo = ocular.
    * a ojos vista = before + Posesivo + (own two) eyes.
    * a orillas del océano = oceanfront.
    * a orillas del río = riverfront.
    * a orillas de un lago = lakeside, lakefront, by the lakeside.
    * a otro sitio = somewhere else.
    * a pares = in pairs.
    * a partes iguales = share and share alike, in equal measure(s).
    * a partir de = on the basis of, based on, working from, from, on a diet of, in response to.
    * a partir de ahora = from now on, from this point on, henceforth, as of now.
    * a partir de ahora y durante + Cuantificador + años = for + Cuantificador + years to come.
    * a partir de aquí = hereupon.
    * a partir de ello = therefrom.
    * a partir de entonces = from this time on, hereafter, thereafter, whereafter, from then on, thenceforth, henceforth, from that moment on.
    * a partir de ese momento = from that moment on.
    * a partir de este momento = hereinafter.
    * a partir de esto = on this basis, on that basis.
    * a partir de + Fecha = from + Fecha, effective + Fecha.
    * a partir de hoy = as from today.
    * a partir de la medianoche = late night.
    * a partir de los títulos = title-based.
    * a paso de tortuga = at a snail's pace.
    * a paso ligero = on the double.
    * a pasos agigantados = at an exponential rate, at exponential rates, by leaps and bounds.
    * a pedir de boca = without a hitch.
    * a pequeña escala = in a small way, small scale [small-scale].
    * a perpetuidad = in perpetuity.
    * a pesar de (que) = albeit (that), despite, in spite of, notwithstanding, although, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that.
    * a pesar de todo = all the same, in spite of everything, despite everything, despite it all, in spite of it all, all this said.
    * a pesar de todo + Posesivo + Nombre = for all + Posesivo + Nombre.
    * a petición de = at the request of, at the urging of, at the behest of.
    * a petición del usuario = on demand, on request.
    * a petición popular = by popular demand.
    * a pie = on foot, afoot, dismounted.
    * a pilas = battery-operated.
    * a pique = sinking.
    * a placer = at will.
    * a plena luz del día = in broad daylight.
    * a poca distancia = not far behind.
    * a poca distancia andando = within walking distance, within an easy walk.
    * a poca distancia a pie = within an easy walk, within walking distance.
    * a pocos minutos andando = within walking distance, within easy walking distance, within an easy walk.
    * a pocos minutos a pie = within walking distance, within easy walking distance, within an easy walk.
    * a porrillo = by the handful.
    * a + Posesivo + aire = to + Posesivo + heart's content.
    * a + Posesivo + alcance = in the ballpark for + Pronombre, in + Posesivo + ballpark range.
    * a + Posesivo + costa = at + Posesivo + expense.
    * a + Posesivo + cuidado = in + Posesivo + safekeeping.
    * a + Posesivo + discreción = at will, at + Posesivo + discretion.
    * a + Posesivo + disposición = at + Posesivo + disposal.
    * a + Posesivo + entender = to the best of + Posesivo + belief.
    * a + Posesivo + espaldas = behind + Posesivo + back.
    * a + Posesivo + expensas = at + Posesivo + expense.
    * a + Posesivo + favor = in + Posesivo + favour, to + Posesivo + credit.
    * a + Posesivo + juicio = in + Posesivo + estimation.
    * a + Posesivo + manera = in + Posesivo + own way.
    * a + Posesivo + saber = to the best of + Posesivo + knowledge.
    * a + Posesivo + saber y entender = to the best of + Posesivo + knowledge and belief.
    * a + Posesivo + servicio = at + Posesivo + service.
    * a + Posesivo + sorprender = much to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * a + Posesivo + vista = before + Posesivo + (own two) eyes.
    * a posteriori = reactive, in retrospect, after-the-fact, hindsight, with hindsight, a posteriori, in hindsight.
    * a precio de coste = at cost price, at cost.
    * a precio de costo = at cost price, at cost.
    * a precio de ganga = at a steal.
    * a precio especial = at reduced cost, discounted, cut-rate, cut-price.
    * a precio razonable = at reasonable cost(s).
    * a precio reducido = at a discount.
    * a precios competitivos = competitively priced.
    * a precios especiales = at reduced rates, at preferential rates.
    * a precios razonables = at affordable prices.
    * a presión = pressurised [pressurized, -USA].
    * a primera hora de la mañana = first thing in the morning.
    * a primera hora de + Período del Día = first thing + Período del Día.
    * a primeras horas de la tarde = late afternoon.
    * a primera vista = on first acquaintance, at first sight, on first inspection, on the face of it, at first blush, at first glance, on the surface, prima facie, first-blush.
    * a primeros de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha.
    * a principios de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha.
    * a principios de los + Década = early + Década, the.
    * a priori = proactive [pro-active], foresight, a priori, on the surface.
    * a prisa = quickly.
    * a propósito = deliberate, for the record, incidentally, intentionally, by the way, in passing, anecdotally, purposely, by design, on purpose, wilfully [willfully, -USA], on a sidenote, studiously, by the way of (a) digression, by the by(e), speaking of which, designedly.
    * a propósito de = apropos of.
    * a propósito de nada = for no specific reason, for no particular reason.
    * a prueba = on trial.
    * a prueba de bombas = ruggedised [ruggedized, -USA], bomb-proof.
    * a prueba de conejos = rabbit-proof.
    * a prueba de fallos = fail-safe.
    * a prueba de incendios = fireproof [fire-proof].
    * a prueba de niños = childproof.
    * a prueba de robos = theft proof.
    * a prueba de tornados = tornado proof.
    * a prueba de un tratamiento duro = ruggedised [ruggedized, -USA].
    * a prueba de viento = windproof.
    * a puerta cerrada = behind closed doors.
    * a punta de pistola = at gunpoint.
    * a punto de = on the verge of, a heartbeat away from.
    * a punto de + Infinitivo = about to + Infinitivo.
    * a punto de irse a pique = on the rocks.
    * a punto de morir = on + Posesivo + deathbed.
    * a puñados = by the sackful, by the handful.
    * a quemarropa = point blank.
    * a quien madruga, Dios le ayuda = the early bird catches the worm.
    * a quienquiera que = whomever.
    * a rachas = by fits and starts.
    * a ráfagas = in bursts.
    * a raíz de = in the wake of.
    * a rajatabla = to the letter.
    * a ras de = flush with.
    * a ras de la calle = ground-floor.
    * a ras del suelo = at ground level.
    * a rastras = in tow.
    * a ratos = intermittently.
    * a reacción = jet-assisted.
    * a rebosar (de) = jam-packed (with), filled to capacity.
    * a regañadientes = grudgingly, grudging, begrudgingly, unwillingly, reluctantly.
    * a régimen = on a diet.
    * a remolque = in tow.
    * a reventar (de) = jam-packed (with), filled to capacity.
    * a saber = namely, viz, to wit.
    * a sabiendas = knowing, knowingly, wilfully [willfully, -USA].
    * a sabiendas de que = on the understanding that.
    * a sacudidas = jerkily.
    * a saltitos = jerky [jerkier -comp., jerkiest -sup.].
    * a salvo = in a safe place, in safekeeping, out of harm's way.
    * a sangre fría = cold-blooded.
    * a ser posible = if possible.
    * a simple vista = by the naked eye, superficially, on first thought.
    * a solas = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.
    * a su debido tiempo = in due course, timely, in due time.
    * a sueldo = paid.
    * a su precio normal = at full price.
    * a su propio ritmo = at an individual pace.
    * a su tiempo = in a timely fashion, in due course, in a timely manner.
    * a su vez = Verbo + further, in turn, in its/their turn.
    * a tal efecto = to this effect.
    * a tales efectos = hereto.
    * a tarifa reducida = at reduced cost.
    * a tarifas especiales = at reduced rates, at preferential rates.
    * a temperatura ambiente = at room temperature.
    * a tener en cuenta en el futuro = for future reference.
    * a tenor de = in light of, in the face of, in the light of, in view of.
    * a ti = you, thee.
    * a tiempo = in timely fashion, on time, promptly, timely, just in time, in time.
    * a tiempo completo = full-time.
    * a tiempo parcial = part-time.
    * a tientas = in the dark.
    * a tientas y a ciegas = blindly, in the dark.
    * a ti mismo = yourself, thyself.
    * a tiro = within gunshot, within range.
    * a tirones = jerky [jerkier -comp., jerkiest -sup.].
    * a título de = by way of, for the sake of.
    * a título gratuito = gratuitous.
    * a título personal = in a personal capacity, in a private capacity.
    * a toda costa = absolutely, at all costs, come what may, at any cost, at any price.
    * a toda máquina = in the fast lane, fast lane, full steam ahead, at full tilt, full-tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.
    * a toda marcha = at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a toda mecha = at a rate of knots, full steam ahead, at full blast, at full throttle, at top speed, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a toda pasta = at a rate of knots.
    * a toda pastilla = in the fast lane, on the fast track, fast lane, overdrive, full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at a rate of knots, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.
    * a toda prueba = unswerving.
    * a todas horas = at all hours, around the clock.
    * a todas luces = patently.
    * a todas partes = far and wide.
    * a toda velocidad = full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.
    * a todo alrededor = all round.
    * a todo color = full-colour, in full colour.
    * a todo gas = full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a todo lo largo de = the length of.
    * a todo meter = full steam ahead, at full stretch, at full speed, at full blast, at top speed, at full throttle.
    * a todo ritmo = in full swing, in full force, in full gear.
    * a todos lados = far and wide.
    * a todos los efectos = to all intents and purposes, to all intents, for all practical purposes, for all intents and purposes.
    * a todos los niveles = at all levels.
    * a todos nosotros = us all.
    * a todos por igual = one size fits all.
    * a todo vapor = full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a todo volumen = at full blast.
    * a tontas y a ciegas = headlong, runaway.
    * a tontas y locas = like there's no tomorrow, without rhyme or reason.
    * a tope = packed to capacity, in the fast lane, fast lane, choc-a-block, chock-full, in full swing, in full gear, packed to the rafters.
    * a trancas y barrancas = with great difficulty, by fits and starts.
    * a través de = by way of, in the form of, through, via, out of, through the agency of.
    * a través de Internet = Internet-based, Web-based, Web-supported.
    * a través de la historia = over time.
    * a través de la TI = IT-enabled.
    * a través de la web = Web-based, Web-supported.
    * a través de los años = over the years, down the years.
    * a través de los ojos de = through the eyes of.
    * a través de los siglos = over the centuries.
    * a través del teléfono = call-in.
    * a través del tiempo = over time.
    * a través de operador = operator-assisted.
    * a tres bandas = three pronged.
    * a tres niveles = three-tiered.
    * a troche y moche = like there's no tomorrow.
    * a trompicones = by fits and starts.
    * a tropezones = falteringly, hesitantly, haltingly, jerkily.
    * a trozos = piecewise.
    * ¡A tu salud! = Here's to you!.
    * a última hora = at the last minute, at the eleventh hour, last minute [last-minute], at the very last minute, at the very last moment, at the very last.
    * a últimas horas de la tarde = late evening.
    * a últ

    * * *
    a
    La preposición a suele emplearse precedida de ciertos verbos como empezar, ir, oler, sonar etc, en cuyo caso ver bajo el respectivo verbo.
    No se traduce cuando introduce el complemento directo de persona (ser humano, pronombres personales que lo representan como quien, alguien, etc) o un nombre con un objeto o animal personalizado: amo a mi patria = I love my country, pasear al perro = to walk the dog.
    En los casos en que precede al artículo definido el para formar la contracción al, ver bajo la siguiente entrada, donde también se encontrarán otros ejemplos y usos de a.
    A (en relaciones de espacio, lugar)
    voy a México/a la fiesta I'm going to Mexico/to the party
    voy a casa I'm going home
    dobla a la derecha turn right
    se cayó al río she fell into the river
    estaban sentados a la mesa they were sitting at the table
    a orillas del Ebro on the banks of the Ebro
    se sentó al sol he sat in the sun
    se sentó a mi derecha he sat down to the right of me o on my right
    a la vuelta de la esquina around the corner
    queda al norte de Toledo it's (to the) north of Toledo
    3
    (indicando distancia): está a diez kilómetros de aquí it's ten kilometers from here, it's ten kilometers away
    está a unos 20 minutos de aquí it takes o it's about 20 minutes from here, it's a 20 minute drive ( o walk etc) from here
    1 (señalando hora, momento, fecha) at
    abren a las ocho they open at eight o'clock
    ¿a qué hora vengo? what time shall I come?
    a eso de las dos at around o about two o'clock
    a mediados de abril in mid-April
    hoy estamos a 20 it's the 20th today
    al día siguiente the next o following day
    empezó a hablar a los diez meses he started talking when he was ten months old o at ten months
    llegó a la mañana/noche ( RPl); he arrived in the morning/at night
    2 al + INF:
    se cayó al bajar del autobús she fell as she was getting off the bus
    al verlo me di cuenta de que ya no lo quería when I saw him o on seeing him, I realized that I no longer loved him
    al salir de la estación torcí a la izquierda I turned left out of the station
    3
    (indicando distancia en el tiempo): a escasos minutos de su llegada (después) just a few minutes after she arrived; (antes) just a few minutes before she arrived
    trabajan de lunes a viernes/de una a cinco they work (from) Monday to Friday/from one to five
    a los diez minutos del primer tiempo ten minutes into the first half o after ten minutes of the first half
    estaré en París de martes a jueves I'll be in Paris from Tuesday until Thursday, I'll be in Paris Tuesday through Thursday ( AmE)
    C
    (en relaciones de proporción, equivalencia): tres veces al día/a la semana three times a day/a week
    sale a 2.000 euros por cabeza it works out at 2,000 euros per person
    iban a 100 kilómetros por hora they were going (at) 100 kilometers per hour
    nos ganaron cinco a tres they beat us by five points to three, they beat us five three o ( AmE) five to three
    D
    (indicando modo, estilo): fuimos a pie/a caballo we walked/rode, we went on foot/on horseback
    pollo al horno/a la brasa roast/barbecued chicken
    un peinado a lo Rodolfo Valentino a Rudolph Valentino hairstyle
    a crédito on credit
    ilustraciones a todo color full-color illustrations
    una tela a rayas a piece of striped material
    1
    (introduciendo el complemento directo de persona): ¿viste a José? did you see José?
    la policía está buscando al asesino the police are looking for the murderer
    no he leído a Freud I haven't read (any) Freud
    busca una secretaria bilingüe he's looking for a bilingual secretary
    ]
    2
    (introduciendo el complemento indirecto): le escribió una carta a su padre he wrote a letter to his father, he wrote his father a letter
    dáselo/dáselos a ella give it/them to her
    les enseña inglés a mis hijos she teaches my children English
    suave al tacto soft to the touch
    agradable al oído pleasing to the ear
    3
    (indicando procedencia): se lo compré a una gitana I bought it from o ( colloq) off a gipsy
    F
    enséñale a nadar teach him to swim
    fue a preguntar he went to ask
    a que + SUBJ:
    los instó a que participaran he urged them to take part
    voy a ir a que me hagan un chequeo I'm going to go and have a checkup
    2 ( fam)
    (para): ¿a qué tanta ceremonia? what's all the fuss for?
    ¿a qué le fuiste a decir eso? what did you go and tell him that for?
    3
    a por ( Esp fam): bajo a por pan I'm going down to get some bread o for some bread ( colloq)
    ¿quién va a ir a por los niños? who's going to fetch o get the children?
    ¡a por ello! go for it!
    los puntos a tratar en la reunión de mañana the points to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting
    es una idea a tener en cuenta it's an idea to bear in mind o that should be borne in mind
    total a pagar total payable
    horario a convenir hours to be arranged
    H
    1
    (en órdenes): ¡a la cama, niños! off to bed, children!
    ¡a callar! shut up! ( colloq)
    vamos ¡a trabajar! come on, let's get some work done!
    a decir verdad to tell you the truth
    a juzgar por lo que tú dices judging from what you say
    3 ( fam)
    (en cuanto a): a tozudo no hay quien le gane when it comes to being stubborn there's nobody like him
    4
    (indicando causa): a petición del interesado ( frml); at the request of the interested party
    al + INF:
    al no saber idiomas está en desventaja as he doesn't speak any languages he is at a disadvantage, he's at a disadvantage not speaking any languages
    5
    (expresando desafío): ¿a que no sabes qué nota me puso? you'll never guess what mark she gave me!
    tú no te atreverías — ¿a que sí? you wouldn't dare — do you want to o a bet? ( colloq)
    ¡a que no puedes! bet you can't! ( colloq)
    * * *

    Multiple Entries:
    A    
    a
    A,
    a sustantivo femenino (pl aes) (read as /a/) the letter A, a

    a preposición Nota:
    La preposición a suele emplearse precedida de ciertos verbos como empezar, ir, oler, sonar etc, en cuyo caso ver bajo el respectivo verbo.No se traduce cuando introduce el complemento directo de persona (ser humano, pronombres personales que lo representan, como quien, alguien, algún etc) o un nombre con un objeto o animal personalizado: amo a mi patria = I love my country, paseo a mi perro = I walk my dog.En los casos en que precede al artículo definido el para formar la contracción al, ver bajo la siguiente entrada, donde también se encontrarán otros ejemplos y usos de a.
    1

    voy a México/la tienda I'm going to Mexico/to the shop;

    voy a casa I'm going home;
    se cayó al río she fell into the river


    a orillas del Ebro on the banks of the Ebro;
    se sentó al sol he sat in the sun;
    se sentó a mi derecha he sat down on my right


    2
    a) (señalando hora, momento) at;


    a la hora de comer at lunch time;
    ¿a qué hora vengo? what time shall I come?;
    a mediados de abril in mid-April;
    al día siguiente the next o following day

    hoy estamos a lunes/a 20 today is Monday/it's the 20th today

    c) al + inf:


    al enterarse de la noticia when he learnt o on learning the news



    ( antes) a few minutes before she arrived;

    3 (en relaciones de proporción, equivalencia):

    sale a 100 euros cada uno it works out at 100 euros each;
    a 100 kilómetros por hora (at) 100 kilometers per hour;
    nos ganaron cinco a tres they beat us five three o (AmE) five to three
    4 (indicando modo, medio, estilo):
    a pie/a caballo on foot/on horseback;

    a crédito on credit;
    funciona a pilas it runs on batteries;
    a mano by hand;
    a rayas striped;
    vestirse a lo punk to wear punk clothes
    5

    ¿viste a José? did you see José?;

    no he leído a Freud I haven't read (any) Freud


    dáselo a ella give it to her;
    les enseña inglés a mis hijos she teaches my children English;
    le echó (la) llave a la puerta she locked the door

    se lo compré a una gitana I bought it from o (colloq) off a gipsy

    A, a f (letra) A
    'A' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    a. C.
    - a.m.
    - abajeña
    - abajeño
    - abanderada
    - abanderado
    - abandonar
    - abandonada
    - abandonado
    - abanico
    - abarquillada
    - abarquillado
    - abarrotada
    - abarrotado
    - abasto
    - abatida
    - abatido
    - abatirse
    - abdicar
    - aberración
    - abertura
    - abierta
    - abierto
    - abigarrada
    - abigarrado
    - abigarrar
    - ablandar
    - ablusada
    - ablusado
    - abnegada
    - abnegado
    - abobada
    - abobado
    - abocada
    - abocado
    - abogacía
    - abogada
    - abogado
    - abombada
    - abombado
    - abonar
    - abonada
    - abonado
    - abonarse
    - abono
    - abordar
    - abordaje
    - aborregar
    - abortar
    - abortiva
    English:
    A
    - A-level
    - a.m.
    - abandon
    - abandoned
    - abide by
    - ability
    - abject
    - abnormal
    - aboard
    - aborigine
    - abortion
    - abortive
    - about
    - above
    - above-board
    - above-mentioned
    - abrasive
    - abreast
    - abridged
    - abrupt
    - absent
    - absent-minded
    - absolute
    - absolutely
    - absorbed
    - abstemious
    - abstract
    - absurd
    - abundant
    - abuse
    - abusive
    - abysmal
    - academic
    - academy
    - accede
    - accent
    - acceptable
    - access
    - accident-prone
    - accidental
    - accidentally
    - acclimatized
    - accommodate
    - accommodation
    - accomplish
    - accomplished
    - account
    - account for
    - accountable
    * * *
    A
    1. (abrev de autopista) Br M, US freeway
    2. (abrev de alfil) [en notación de ajedrez] B
    A, a [a] nf
    [letra] A, a;
    si por a o por be… if for any reason…
    * * *
    a
    prp
    al este de to the east of;
    a casa home;
    ir a la cama/al cine go to bed/to the movies;
    ¡a trabajar! get to work!;
    vamos a Buenos Aires we’re going to Buenos Aires;
    voy a casa de Marta I’m going to Marta’s (house)
    a la mesa at the table;
    al lado de next to;
    a la derecha on the right;
    al sol in the sun;
    a treinta kilómetros de Cuzco thirty kilometers from Cuzco;
    está a cinco kilómetros it’s five kilometers away
    :
    ¿a qué hora llegas? what time do you arrive?;
    a las tres at three o’clock;
    de once a doce from eleven (o’clock) to twelve;
    estamos a quince de febrero it’s February fifteenth;
    a los treinta años at the age of thirty;
    a la llegada del tren when the train arrives
    :
    a la española the Spanish way;
    a mano by hand;
    a pie on foot;
    a 50 kilómetros por hora at fifty kilometers an hour
    :
    ¿a cómo o
    cuánto está? how much is it?;
    están a dos pesos el kilo they are two pesos a kilo
    :
    dáselo a tu hermano give it to your brother
    :
    vi a mi padre I saw my father
    :
    empezar a begin to;
    jugar a las cartas play cards;
    decidirse a hacer algo decide to do sth;
    voy a comprarlo I’m going to buy it;
    a decir verdad to tell the truth
    :
    ¿a que no lo sabes? I bet you don’t know;
    a ver OK, right;
    a ver lo que pasa ahora let’s see what happens now
    abr (= alias) aka (= also known as)
    * * *
    a nf
    : first letter of the Spanish alphabet
    a prep
    1) : to
    nos vamos a México: we're going to Mexico
    ¿llamaste a tu papá?: did you call your dad?
    como a usted le guste: as you wish
    3) : in the manner of
    papas a la francesa: french fries
    4) : on, by means of
    a pie: on foot
    5) : per, each
    tres pastillas al día: three pills per day
    enséñales a leer: teach them to read
    problemas a resolver: problems to be solved
    * * *
    a prep
    3. (distancia) away
    está a un kilómetro de aquí it's one kilometre from here / it's one kilometre away
    4. (tiempo) at
    5. (distribución, cantidad, medida, precio) a / at
    tocamos a 1.000 cada uno it works out at 1,000 each
    fui a pie I walked / I went on foot
    hecho a mano handmade / made by hand
    ¿has visto a Iván? have you seen Iván?
    9. (para) for
    10. (de) from

    Spanish-English dictionary > a

  • 9 último

    adj.
    1 last, finishing, last one, hindmost.
    2 ultimate, quintessential.
    * * *
    1 last
    2 (más reciente) latest; (de dos) latter
    3 (más alejado) furthest; (más abajo) bottom, lowest; (más arriba) top; (más atrás) back
    4 (definitivo) final
    \
    a la última up to date
    a últimos de towards the end of
    por último finally
    ser lo último familiar (el colmo) to be just too much
    estar en las últimas (moribundo) to be at death's door 2 (arruinado) to be down and out
    * * *
    (f. - última)
    adj.
    1) last
    * * *
    último, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) (=final) last

    la Última Cena — (Rel) the Last Supper

    a lo último — * in the end

    ¿y qué ocurre a lo último? — and what happens in the end?

    por último — finally, lastly

    por último, el conferenciante hizo referencia a... — finally o lastly, the speaker mentioned...

    por última vezfor the last time

    2) (=más reciente)
    a) [en una serie] [ejemplar, moda, novedad] latest; [elecciones, periodo] last

    ¿has leído el último número de la revista? — have you read the latest issue of the magazine?

    los dos últimos cuadros que ha hecho no son tan innovadoreshis two latest o his latest two paintings are not so innovative

    durante la última décadain o over the last decade

    ahora último — Chile recently

    en los últimos añosin o over the last few years, in recent years

    en los últimos tiemposlately

    b) [entre dos] latter

    de los dos, este último es el mejor — of the two, the latter is the best

    hora 2), b)
    3) [en el espacio]
    a) (=más al fondo) back
    b) (=más alto) top
    c) (=más bajo) bottom, last
    d) (=más lejano) most remote, furthest
    4) (=extremo)

    en último caso, iría yo — as a last resort o if all else fails, I would go

    extremo II, 1., 2), instancia 3), remedio 2)
    5) (=definitivo)
    6)

    lo último *

    a) (=lo más moderno) the latest thing
    b) (=lo peor) the limit
    2. SM / F
    1)

    el último — the last, the last one

    ¿quién es la última? — who's the last in the queue?

    el último en salir que apague la luz — the last one to leave, turn the light off

    a la última —

    vestir
    2) *

    ¿a qué no sabes la última de Irene? — do you know the latest about Irene?

    3) Esp
    3.
    ADV Cono Sur in the last position, in the last place
    * * *
    I
    - ma adjetivo (delante del n)
    1)
    a) ( en el tiempo) last

    en el último momento or a última hora — at the last minute o moment

    ¿cuándo fue la última vez que lo usaste? — when did you last use it?

    en los últimos tiempos — recently, in recent years (o months etc)

    2)
    a) ( en una serie) last

    último aviso a los pasajeros del vuelo... — last o final call for passengers on flight...

    b) (como adv) (CS) <salir/terminar> last
    II
    - ma masculino, femenino last one

    ¿sabes la última que me hizo? — do you know what he's done to me now?

    ¿te cuento la última? — (fam) do you want to hear the latest? (colloq)

    a últimos de — (Esp) toward(s) the end of

    por último — finally, lastly

    en (Col) or (Ven) de últimas — as a last resort, if the worst comes to the worst

    a la última — (fam)

    * * *
    = last, latter, ultimate, innermost, final, back marker.
    Ex. We now come to the sixth and last condition of authorship.
    Ex. The former necessitate the constant comparison, or manipulation, of index entries rather than the linear scanning of entries in the latter.
    Ex. Abstracting and indexing data are a vital component in the communication link between the originator of information and its ultimate consumer.
    Ex. Thus a folio gathering might consist of three folio sheets, the outermost of which contained pages 1 and 12 and pages 2 and 11; the middle sheet had pages 3 and 10, 4 and 9; and the innermost sheet had pages 5 and 8, 6 and 7.
    Ex. The final index will mirror current terminology.
    Ex. I went right off Hamilton when he referred to back markers as something like 'those monkeys who get in the way' half way through the first season.
    ----
    * a la última = hip [hipper -comp., hippest -sup.], on the fast track, hipped.
    * a última hora = at the last minute, at the eleventh hour, last minute [last-minute], at the very last minute, at the very last moment, at the very last.
    * a últimas horas de la tarde = late evening.
    * a último momento = last minute [last-minute].
    * como último recurso = as a last resort, in the last resort.
    * compras de última hora = last-minute shopping.
    * con los últimos avances = state-of-the-art, leading edge.
    * dar el último empujón = go + the last mile, go + the extra mile.
    * dar el último repaso = tie + the pieces together.
    * dar los últimos retoques a = put + the finishing touches on.
    * decir la última palabra = hear + the final word, outface.
    * decisión de última hora = last-minute decision.
    * dejarlo para última hora = leave + it until the last minute.
    * de última generación = enhanced, high-tech, high-end, leading edge.
    * de última hora = last minute [last-minute], late breaking [late-breaking], up-to-the-minute, hot off the griddle.
    * de última línea = streamlined.
    * de última moda = new-fangled [newfangled].
    * de última novedad = streamlined.
    * de último grito = streamlined.
    * de último momento = last minute [last-minute].
    * durante el último año = over the last year.
    * durante los dos últimos meses = over the last couple of months.
    * durante los últimos años = over the past few years, over recent years.
    * durante los últimos + Expresión Temporal = over the past + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante los últimos + Número + años = over the last + Número + years.
    * el último = the latest + Nombre.
    * el último citado = latter.
    * el último grito = the last word, the cat's meow, the bee's knees, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's whiskers, the dog's bollocks.
    * el último pero no el menos importante = the last but by no means least.
    * en el último caso = in the latter case.
    * en el último minuto = last minute [last-minute], at the last minute.
    * en el último momento = at the eleventh hour, at the very last minute, at the very last moment, at the very last, at the last minute.
    * en las últimas = fag-end, goner.
    * en las últimas décadas = in recent decades.
    * en los dos últimos meses = over the last couple of months.
    * en los últimos años = in recent years, over the recent past, in the last few years.
    * en los últimos años de = in the last years of.
    * en los últimos días = in recent days.
    * en los últimos + Expresión Temporal = over the past + Expresión Temporal.
    * en los últimos meses = in recent months.
    * en los últimos + Tiempo = in the past + Tiempo.
    * en los últimos tiempos = latterly, in recent times, in modern times, in recent memory.
    * en última instancia = ultimately, in the long run, in the end, in the last analysis, in the last resort, in the final analysis.
    * en último término = in the last analysis, in the final analysis.
    * estar en las últimas = be on + Posesivo + last legs.
    * estudiante de último año = senior student, senior.
    * estudiante de último curso = final year student.
    * estudiante universitario de último curso = senior major.
    * hacer el último esfuerzo = go + the last mile, go + the extra mile.
    * hasta el último minuto = until the last minute.
    * hasta última hora = until the last minute.
    * información de última hora = news flash.
    * la última palabra = the last word, the last word, the bee's knees, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's meow, the cat's whiskers, the dog's bollocks.
    * la última vez = last time.
    * la última vez que = the last time.
    * lista de últimas adquisiciones = accessions list, list of current acquisitions, addition list.
    * llevar Algo a sus últimas consecuencias = take + Nombre + to its ultimate conclusion.
    * los últimos coletazos = fag-end.
    * lo último = the last word.
    * ¡maricón el último! = the devil take the hindmost.
    * nacido el último = lastborn.
    * noticia de última hora = hot off the press(es).
    * noticias de última hora = breaking news.
    * pendiente de ir a la última moda = fashion-conscious.
    * pendiente de seguir la última moda = fashion-conscious.
    * persona que toma la última decisión = decider.
    * por última vez = for the last time, one last time.
    * por último = finally, last, lastly, ultimately.
    * por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.
    * precipitación de última hora = last-minute rush.
    * prisa de última hora = last-minute rush.
    * que siempre va a la última moda = fashion-conscious.
    * que sigue la última moda = fashion-conscious.
    * sección de últimos números de publicaciones periódicas = current periodicals area.
    * seguidor de la última moda = faddish, faddy [faddier -comp., faddies -sup.].
    * ser el último grito = be all the rage.
    * ser el último mono = feel + pulled and tugged.
    * ser la última palabra = be all the rage.
    * ser la última persona del mundo que + Infinitivo = be one of the last people in the world to + Infinitivo.
    * ser lo último = be all the rage, be the pits.
    * ser lo último en = become + the next stop in.
    * ser lo último en lo que + pensar = be the last thing of + Posesivo + mind.
    * ser lo último que + ocurrir + a Alguien = be the last thing of + Posesivo + mind.
    * tener la última palabra = have + the ultimate say, have + the final say, call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.
    * Ultima Cena, la = Last Supper, the.
    * última oportunidad, la = last chance, the.
    * última palabra + depender de = ultimate authority + rest with.
    * últimas novedades de = fresh out from.
    * Posesivo + últimas palabras = last words, Posesivo + dying last words.
    * últimas palabras que se han hecho famosas = famous last words.
    * último aliento = death rattle, Posesivo + last breath.
    * último escalafón, el = bottom rung, the.
    * último mencionado, el = last mentioned, the.
    * último nivel, el = bottom rung, the.
    * último número, el = latest issue, the.
    * último pero no el menos importante, el = final and not the least important, the.
    * último recurso = fall-back [fallback], last resort, last ditch.
    * último rincón, el = nooks and crannies.
    * últimos coletazos = Indian summer.
    * últimos ritos, los = final rites, the.
    * último suspiro = last breath.
    * último tramo, el = last leg, the.
    * último trecho, el = last leg, the.
    * una primera y última vez = a first and last time.
    * una última vez = one last time.
    * un + Nombre + a última hora de la mañana = a late morning + Nombre.
    * vestido a la última = fashion statement.
    * vestido a la última moda = fashion statement.
    * * *
    I
    - ma adjetivo (delante del n)
    1)
    a) ( en el tiempo) last

    en el último momento or a última hora — at the last minute o moment

    ¿cuándo fue la última vez que lo usaste? — when did you last use it?

    en los últimos tiempos — recently, in recent years (o months etc)

    2)
    a) ( en una serie) last

    último aviso a los pasajeros del vuelo... — last o final call for passengers on flight...

    b) (como adv) (CS) <salir/terminar> last
    II
    - ma masculino, femenino last one

    ¿sabes la última que me hizo? — do you know what he's done to me now?

    ¿te cuento la última? — (fam) do you want to hear the latest? (colloq)

    a últimos de — (Esp) toward(s) the end of

    por último — finally, lastly

    en (Col) or (Ven) de últimas — as a last resort, if the worst comes to the worst

    a la última — (fam)

    * * *
    = last, latter, ultimate, innermost, final, back marker.

    Ex: We now come to the sixth and last condition of authorship.

    Ex: The former necessitate the constant comparison, or manipulation, of index entries rather than the linear scanning of entries in the latter.
    Ex: Abstracting and indexing data are a vital component in the communication link between the originator of information and its ultimate consumer.
    Ex: Thus a folio gathering might consist of three folio sheets, the outermost of which contained pages 1 and 12 and pages 2 and 11; the middle sheet had pages 3 and 10, 4 and 9; and the innermost sheet had pages 5 and 8, 6 and 7.
    Ex: The final index will mirror current terminology.
    Ex: I went right off Hamilton when he referred to back markers as something like 'those monkeys who get in the way' half way through the first season.
    * a la última = hip [hipper -comp., hippest -sup.], on the fast track, hipped.
    * a última hora = at the last minute, at the eleventh hour, last minute [last-minute], at the very last minute, at the very last moment, at the very last.
    * a últimas horas de la tarde = late evening.
    * a último momento = last minute [last-minute].
    * como último recurso = as a last resort, in the last resort.
    * compras de última hora = last-minute shopping.
    * con los últimos avances = state-of-the-art, leading edge.
    * dar el último empujón = go + the last mile, go + the extra mile.
    * dar el último repaso = tie + the pieces together.
    * dar los últimos retoques a = put + the finishing touches on.
    * decir la última palabra = hear + the final word, outface.
    * decisión de última hora = last-minute decision.
    * dejarlo para última hora = leave + it until the last minute.
    * de última generación = enhanced, high-tech, high-end, leading edge.
    * de última hora = last minute [last-minute], late breaking [late-breaking], up-to-the-minute, hot off the griddle.
    * de última línea = streamlined.
    * de última moda = new-fangled [newfangled].
    * de última novedad = streamlined.
    * de último grito = streamlined.
    * de último momento = last minute [last-minute].
    * durante el último año = over the last year.
    * durante los dos últimos meses = over the last couple of months.
    * durante los últimos años = over the past few years, over recent years.
    * durante los últimos + Expresión Temporal = over the past + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante los últimos + Número + años = over the last + Número + years.
    * el último = the latest + Nombre.
    * el último citado = latter.
    * el último grito = the last word, the cat's meow, the bee's knees, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's whiskers, the dog's bollocks.
    * el último pero no el menos importante = the last but by no means least.
    * en el último caso = in the latter case.
    * en el último minuto = last minute [last-minute], at the last minute.
    * en el último momento = at the eleventh hour, at the very last minute, at the very last moment, at the very last, at the last minute.
    * en las últimas = fag-end, goner.
    * en las últimas décadas = in recent decades.
    * en los dos últimos meses = over the last couple of months.
    * en los últimos años = in recent years, over the recent past, in the last few years.
    * en los últimos años de = in the last years of.
    * en los últimos días = in recent days.
    * en los últimos + Expresión Temporal = over the past + Expresión Temporal.
    * en los últimos meses = in recent months.
    * en los últimos + Tiempo = in the past + Tiempo.
    * en los últimos tiempos = latterly, in recent times, in modern times, in recent memory.
    * en última instancia = ultimately, in the long run, in the end, in the last analysis, in the last resort, in the final analysis.
    * en último término = in the last analysis, in the final analysis.
    * estar en las últimas = be on + Posesivo + last legs.
    * estudiante de último año = senior student, senior.
    * estudiante de último curso = final year student.
    * estudiante universitario de último curso = senior major.
    * hacer el último esfuerzo = go + the last mile, go + the extra mile.
    * hasta el último minuto = until the last minute.
    * hasta última hora = until the last minute.
    * información de última hora = news flash.
    * la última palabra = the last word, the last word, the bee's knees, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's meow, the cat's whiskers, the dog's bollocks.
    * la última vez = last time.
    * la última vez que = the last time.
    * lista de últimas adquisiciones = accessions list, list of current acquisitions, addition list.
    * llevar Algo a sus últimas consecuencias = take + Nombre + to its ultimate conclusion.
    * los últimos coletazos = fag-end.
    * lo último = the last word.
    * ¡maricón el último! = the devil take the hindmost.
    * nacido el último = lastborn.
    * noticia de última hora = hot off the press(es).
    * noticias de última hora = breaking news.
    * pendiente de ir a la última moda = fashion-conscious.
    * pendiente de seguir la última moda = fashion-conscious.
    * persona que toma la última decisión = decider.
    * por última vez = for the last time, one last time.
    * por último = finally, last, lastly, ultimately.
    * por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.
    * precipitación de última hora = last-minute rush.
    * prisa de última hora = last-minute rush.
    * que siempre va a la última moda = fashion-conscious.
    * que sigue la última moda = fashion-conscious.
    * sección de últimos números de publicaciones periódicas = current periodicals area.
    * seguidor de la última moda = faddish, faddy [faddier -comp., faddies -sup.].
    * ser el último grito = be all the rage.
    * ser el último mono = feel + pulled and tugged.
    * ser la última palabra = be all the rage.
    * ser la última persona del mundo que + Infinitivo = be one of the last people in the world to + Infinitivo.
    * ser lo último = be all the rage, be the pits.
    * ser lo último en = become + the next stop in.
    * ser lo último en lo que + pensar = be the last thing of + Posesivo + mind.
    * ser lo último que + ocurrir + a Alguien = be the last thing of + Posesivo + mind.
    * tener la última palabra = have + the ultimate say, have + the final say, call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.
    * Ultima Cena, la = Last Supper, the.
    * última oportunidad, la = last chance, the.
    * última palabra + depender de = ultimate authority + rest with.
    * últimas novedades de = fresh out from.
    * Posesivo + últimas palabras = last words, Posesivo + dying last words.
    * últimas palabras que se han hecho famosas = famous last words.
    * último aliento = death rattle, Posesivo + last breath.
    * último escalafón, el = bottom rung, the.
    * último mencionado, el = last mentioned, the.
    * último nivel, el = bottom rung, the.
    * último número, el = latest issue, the.
    * último pero no el menos importante, el = final and not the least important, the.
    * último recurso = fall-back [fallback], last resort, last ditch.
    * último rincón, el = nooks and crannies.
    * últimos coletazos = Indian summer.
    * últimos ritos, los = final rites, the.
    * último suspiro = last breath.
    * último tramo, el = last leg, the.
    * último trecho, el = last leg, the.
    * una primera y última vez = a first and last time.
    * una última vez = one last time.
    * un + Nombre + a última hora de la mañana = a late morning + Nombre.
    * vestido a la última = fashion statement.
    * vestido a la última moda = fashion statement.

    * * *
    último1 -ma
    A
    los últimos años de su vida the last years of her life, her last years
    en el último momento or a última hora at the last minute o moment
    2
    (más reciente): ¿cuándo fue la última vez que lo usaste? when did you last use it?, when was the last time you used it?
    su último libro es muy bueno his latest book is very good
    lo último que supe de él es que vivía en París the last I heard he was living in Paris
    la última moda the latest fashion
    los últimos estudios the latest o the most recent studies
    en los últimos tiempos recently, in recent years ( o months etc)
    B
    estaba en último lugar I was last, I was in last place
    el último tren sale a las once the last train leaves at eleven
    último aviso a los pasajeros del vuelo … last o final call for passengers on flight …
    el equipo ocupa el último puesto de la división the team is at the bottom of the division o is in last place in the division
    te lo digo por última vez I'm telling you for the last o final time
    le echaré una última mirada I'll take one last o final look
    como último recurso as a last resort
    ser lo último ( fam) (el colmo) to be the last straw o the limit; (lo más reciente) to be the latest thing
    2 ( como adv) (CS) ‹salir/terminar› last
    el que salga último que apague la luz last one out o whoever is last out, turn the light off
    llegó última en la carrera she finished last in the race
    C
    (en el espacio): en el último piso on the top floor
    en la última fila in the back row
    la última página del periódico the back page of the newspaper
    aunque tenga que ir al último rincón del mundo even if I have to go to the ends of the earth
    D
    (definitivo): es mi última oferta it's my final offer
    siempre tiene que decir la última palabra he always has to have the last word
    Compuestos:
    feminine Last Supper
    feminine late item (of news)
    feminine ( period); last resting place ( frml)
    feminine last wishes (pl), last wish
    mpl last rites o sacraments (pl)
    último2 -ma
    masculine, feminine
    last one
    era el último que me quedaba it was my last one, it was the last one I had
    el último en llegar the last (one) to arrive
    ¿quién es el último? who's last in line ( AmE) o ( BrE) in the queue?
    salió el último he was the last to leave
    el último de la lista the last person on the list
    es el último de la clase he's bottom of the class
    ¿sabes la última que me hizo? do you know what he's done to me now?
    ¿te cuento la última? ( fam); do you want to hear the latest? ( colloq)
    a últimos de ( Esp); toward(s) the end of
    por último finally, lastly
    y por último quiero decir que … and finally o lastly, I would like to say that …
    en ( Col) or ( Ven) de últimas as a last resort, if the worst comes to the worst
    a la última ( fam): siempre va a la última she's always fashionably dressed, she always wears trendy clothes
    está a la última it's the latest fashion, it's all the rage ( colloq)
    (no tener dinero) ( fam) to be broke ( colloq)
    tomar la última ( fam); to have one for the road ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo ultimar: ( conjugate ultimar)

    ultimo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    ultimó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    ultimar    
    último
    ultimar ( conjugate ultimar) verbo transitivo
    1 preparativos to complete;
    detalles to finalize
    2 (AmL frml) ( matar) to kill, murder
    último
    ◊ -ma adjetivo ( delante del n)

    1 ( en el tiempo) last;
    a última hora at the last minute o moment;

    su último libro his latest book;
    en los últimos tiempos recently;
    ¿cuándo fue la última vez que lo usaste? when did you last use it?
    2


    por última vez for the last time;
    como último recurso as a last resort;
    última voluntad last wishes (pl)
    b) ( como adv) (CS) ‹salir/terminar last

    3 ( en el espacio):

    la última fila the back row
    4 ( definitivo):

    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    last one;

    es el último de la clase he's bottom of the class;
    a últimos de (Esp) toward(s) the end of;
    por último finally, lastly
    ultimar verbo transitivo
    1 (un proyecto, una tarea) to finalize
    ultimar detalles, to finalize details
    2 LAm (rematar, asesinar) to kill, finish off
    último,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (sin otro detrás) last: éste es el último caramelo, this is the last sweet
    2 (no preferente, peor de una serie) last: es el último lugar en que habría mirado, it's the last place where I'd look
    3 (más reciente) latest
    última moda, latest fashion
    según las últimas noticias, according to the latest news
    4 (más remoto) farther: la vacuna tiene que llegar hasta la última aldea del continente, the vaccine must reach the most remote village on the continent
    5 (más alto) top
    el último piso, the top floor
    6 (definitivo) last, final: era su última oferta, it was his final offer
    mi última oportunidad, my last chance
    7 (al final de un periodo de tiempo) a últimos de mes, towards the end of the month
    II pron last one: los últimos en llegar fuimos nosotros, we were the last to arrive
    el último de la fila, the last one in the queue
    ♦ Locuciones: estar en las últimas, (un enfermo) to be at death's door
    fam (carecer de dinero, comida) to be broke
    (estar acabándose) to be about to run out
    ser lo último, to be the last
    (algo indigno, inaceptable) mendigar es lo último, having to beg is the pits
    a la última, up to the minute
    de última hora: una decisión de última hora, a last-minute decision
    una noticia de última hora, a newsflash
    por último, finally

    ' último' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abajo
    - caso
    - decidir
    - ensalzar
    - faltar
    - fin
    - hasta
    - inspección
    - ligue
    - llegar
    - memoria
    - número
    - para
    - pasada
    - pasado
    - recordar
    - remedio
    - rozar
    - sprint
    - suspiro
    - término
    - última
    - arriba
    - aviso
    - el
    - en
    - extremo
    - grito
    - lugar
    - mono
    - recurso
    - rincón
    English:
    afterthought
    - bottom
    - burst
    - cancel
    - come
    - eleventh
    - enjoy
    - final
    - finally
    - height
    - hot news
    - last
    - last-ditch
    - lastly
    - latest
    - latter
    - laugh
    - LIFO
    - outermost
    - parting
    - past
    - push
    - rage
    - refer to
    - resort
    - senior
    - spurt
    - state-of-the-art
    - stave off
    - title
    - top
    - touch
    - word
    - year
    - after
    - close
    - current
    - dying
    - fail
    - inch
    - late
    - line
    - memorial
    - most
    - nook
    - scramble
    - state
    - survive
    - ultimate
    * * *
    último, -a
    adj
    1. [en una serie, en el tiempo] last;
    mi última esperanza/oportunidad my last hope/chance;
    hizo un último intento he made one last o final attempt;
    último aviso para los pasajeros… [por megafonía] (this is the) last o final call for passengers…;
    decisiones de última hora last-minute decisions;
    a última hora, en el último momento at the last moment;
    como último recurso as a last resort;
    a lo último in the end;
    lo último antes de acostarme last thing before I go to bed;
    en una situación así es lo último que haría it's the last thing I'd do in a situation like that;
    por último lastly, finally;
    ser lo último [lo final] to come last;
    [el último recurso] to be a last resort; [el colmo] to be the last straw la Última Cena the Last Supper;
    último pago final payment;
    último plazo final instalment;
    los últimos sacramentos the last sacraments;
    última voluntad last wish(es)
    2. [más reciente] latest, most recent;
    una exposición de sus últimos trabajos an exhibition of her most recent work;
    las últimas noticias son inquietantes the latest news is very worrying;
    en los últimos días/meses in recent days/months;
    la última vez que lo vi the last time I saw him, when I last saw him;
    Fam
    es lo último en electrodomésticos it's the latest thing in electrical appliances
    última hora [como título] latest, stop press;
    noticias de última hora last-minute news
    3. [más bajo] bottom;
    [más alto] top; [de más atrás] back;
    la última línea de la página the bottom o last line of the page;
    el último piso the top floor;
    la última fila the back row
    4. [más remoto] furthest, most remote;
    el último rincón del país the remotest parts of the country
    5. [definitivo]
    es mi última oferta it's my last o final offer;
    tener la última palabra en algo to have the last word on sth
    6. [primordial] ultimate;
    medidas cuyo fin último es… measures that have the ultimate goal of…
    7. RP [uso adverbial] last;
    empezaron últimos, por eso todavía no terminaron they started last, that's why they haven't finished yet;
    salí última porque me quedé conversando I was the last to leave because I stayed behind talking
    nm,f
    1. [en fila, carrera]
    el último the last (one);
    el último de la fila the last person in the Br queue o US line;
    el último de la clase the bottom of the class;
    es el último al que pediría ayuda he's the last person I'd ask for help;
    llegar/terminar el último to come/finish last;
    ser el último en hacer algo to be the last to do sth;
    a últimos de mes at the end of the month;
    ¿nos tomamos la última? shall we have one for the road?;
    estar en las últimas [muriéndose] to be on one's deathbed;
    [sin dinero] to be down to one's last penny; [sin provisiones] to be down to one's last provisions; [botella, producto] to have almost run out; Fam
    ir a la última to wear the latest fashion
    2. [en comparaciones, enumeraciones]
    este último… the latter…
    * * *
    adj
    1 last;
    ser el último en llegar be the last (one) to arrive;
    por último finally;
    está en las últimas he doesn’t have long (to live);
    a últimos de mayo at the end of May
    2 ( más reciente) latest;
    últimas noticias latest news sg ;
    estar a la última be right up to date;
    ir a la última (moda) wear the latest fashions;
    es lo último it’s the latest thing
    3 piso top atr
    * * *
    último, -ma adj
    1) : last, final
    la última galleta: the last cookie
    en último caso: as a last resort
    2) : last, latest, most recent
    su último viaje a España: her last trip to Spain
    en los últimos años: in recent years
    3)
    por último : finally
    * * *
    último1 adj
    1. (en general) last
    2. (más reciente) latest
    3. (más abajo) bottom
    último2 n last one
    ¿quién es el último? who's last in the queue?

    Spanish-English dictionary > último

  • 10 крыло

    крыло сущ
    wing
    аэродинамический гребень на крыле
    wing fence
    аэродинамическое чистое крыло
    clean wing
    аэроупругость крыла
    wing aeroelasticity
    базовая линия крыла
    wing base line
    балансировочный нож на задней кромке крыла
    wing trim strip
    верхнее крыло
    upper wing
    верхняя поверхность крыла
    wing upper surface
    взаимовлияние крыла и фюзеляжа
    body-wing interference
    винтовой подъемник крыла
    wing screw jack
    вихрь от законцовки крыла
    wing-tip vortex
    воздушное судно с верхним расположением крыла
    high-wing aircraft
    воздушное судно с неподвижным крылом
    fixed-wing aircraft
    воздушное судно с низким расположением крыла
    low-wing aircraft
    воздушное судно со складывающимся крылом
    folding wing aircraft
    воздушное судно со средним расположением крыла
    mid-wing aircraft
    воздушное судно с треугольным крылом
    delta-wing aircraft
    воздушное судно с убранной механизацией крыла
    clean aircraft
    воздушное судно схемы летающее крыло
    1. all-wing aircraft
    2. tailless aircraft выводить воздушное судно из сваливания на крыло
    unstall the aircraft
    выдвижная механизация крыла
    wing extendable devices
    вынос крыла биплана
    stagger
    высокорасположенное крыло
    1. high wing
    2. high-wing 3. shoulder wing высокоэффективная механизация крыла
    high-lift wing devices
    габаритный огонь крыла
    wing clearance light
    геометрическая крутка крыла
    wing geometric twist
    датчик критических углов атаки крыла
    wing stall sensor
    датчик скольжения на крыло
    side-slip sensor
    двигатель, расположенный в крыле
    in-wing mounted
    двигатель, установленный на крыле
    on-wing mounted engine
    двухлонжеронное крыло
    two-spar wing
    дивергенция крыла
    wing divergence
    жесткое крыло
    rigid wing
    жесткость крыла на кручение
    1. wing torsional stiffness
    2. wing torsion stiffness завал на крыло
    1. wing dropping
    2. wing drop задний лонжерон крыла
    rear wing spar
    законцовка крыла
    1. wing tip
    2. wingtip заливная горловина на крыле
    overwing filler
    зализ крыла
    wing fillet
    зализ крыла с фюзеляжем
    wing-to-fuselage fillet
    запас высоты законцовки крыла
    wing tip clearance
    заправка топливом сверху крыла
    overwing fueling
    изгибающий момент крыла
    wing bending moment
    изменяемая стреловидность крыла
    wing variable sweep
    каркас крыла
    wind main frame
    ключ для стыковки крыла
    wing butting wrench
    корневая часть крыла
    wing root
    кривизна крыла
    wing curvature
    крутка крыла
    wing twist
    крутящий момент крыла
    wing torsional moment
    крыло бесконечного размаха
    infinite-span wing
    крыло изменяемой геометрии
    variable-geometry wing
    крыло изменяемой крыло
    movable wing
    крыло изменяемой стреловидности
    variable-swept wing
    крыло кессонной конструкции
    torsion box wing
    крыло малого удлинения
    low aspect wing
    крыло обратной стреловидности
    1. forward-swept wing
    2. sweptforward wing крыло переменной стреловидности
    variable-sweep wing
    крыло прямой стреловидности
    sweptback wing
    крыло самолета
    mainplane
    крыло с изменяемой площадью
    variable-area wing
    крыло с изменяемым углом установки
    variable-incidence wing
    крыло с механизацией для обеспечения большей подъемной силы
    high-lift devices wing
    крыло с отрицательным углом поперечного ВЭ
    anhedral wing
    крыло с положительным углом поперечного ВЭ
    dihedral wing
    крыло с работающей обшивкой
    stressed-skin wing
    крыло с управляемой циркуляцией
    augmentor wing
    крыло с управляемым пограничным слоем
    backswept boundary layer controlled wing
    крыло типа обратная чайка
    inverted-gull wing
    крыло типа чайка
    gull wing
    крышка заливной горловины на крыле
    overwing filler cap
    линия ограничения безопасного расстояния до конца крыла
    wing tip clearance line
    линия разъема крыла
    wing split line
    линия хорды крыла
    wing chord line
    лобовое сопротивление крыла
    wing drag
    ложемент под крыло
    wing cradle
    лонжерон крыла
    wing spar
    люк аварийного выхода на крыло
    overwing emergency exit
    люк в крыле
    wing manhole
    мат на крыло
    wing walk mat
    место на крыле для выполнения технического обслуживания
    overwing walkway
    механизация крыла
    1. wing-flap system
    2. wing devices 3. lift devices моноплан с высокорасположенным крылом
    high-wing monoplane
    моноплан с низко расположенным крылом
    low-wing monoplane
    моноплан со среднерасположенным крылом
    midwing monoplane
    нагрузка на крыло
    wing load
    над крылом
    over the wing
    наплыв крыла
    wing dogtooth extension
    неподвижное крыло
    fixed wing
    неразрезной лонжерон крыла
    continuous wing beam
    несущая способность крыла
    wing bearing capacity
    нижнее крыло
    lower wing
    нижняя поверхность крыла
    wing lower surface
    низкорасположенное крыло
    low wing
    носок крыла
    wing leading edge
    обтекание крыла
    flow about wing
    обшивка крыла
    wing covering
    однолонжеронное крыло
    1. single-spar wing
    2. monospar wing одностоечное крыло
    single-bay wing
    остов крыла
    wing skeleton
    ось складывания крыла
    wing-fold axis
    отверстие для отсоса пограничного слоя на крыле
    boundary layer bleed perforation
    относительное сужение крыла
    wing taper ratio
    относительное удлинение крыла
    wing aspect ratio
    отсек кессона крыла
    wing box
    отстыковывать крыло
    detach the wing
    отъемная часть крыла
    outer wing
    панель кессона крыла
    wing box panel
    передний лонжерон крыла
    front wing spar
    площадь крыла
    wing area
    площадь крыла, включая подфюзеляжную часть
    gross wing area
    поворотное крыло
    pivoting wing
    подъемная сила крыла
    wing lift
    подъемник крыла
    wing jack
    покачивание крыльями
    rocking wings
    поляра крыла
    wing polar
    пояс лонжерона крыла
    wing spar cap
    продольное колебание крыла
    wing longitudinal oscillation
    продольный изгиб крыла
    wing buckling
    противообледенительная система крыла
    wing anti-icing system
    профиль крыла
    1. wing shape
    2. wing section прямая стреловидность крыла
    sweepback
    прямоугольное крыло
    rectangular wing
    разгрузка крыла
    wing bending relief
    размах крыла
    wing span
    разность углов заклинения крыльев биплана
    decalage
    разъем крыла
    wing joint
    распределение давления по крылу
    wing pressure plotting
    распределение по размаху крыла
    spanwise distribution
    расчаленное крыло
    braced wing
    расчетная площадь крыла
    design wing area
    свободнонесущее крыло
    cantilever wing
    серповидное крыло
    crescent wing
    складывающееся крыло
    folding wing
    скольжение на крыло
    1. squashing
    2. wing slide скользить на крыло
    squash
    (о воздушном судне) скорость захода на посадку с убранной механизацией крыла
    no-flap - no-slat approach speed
    с крыльями
    winged
    с низко расположенным крылом
    low-wing
    соединение крыла с фюзеляжем
    wing-to-fuselage joint
    сопровождающий у конца крыла
    wing walker
    среднерасположенное крыло
    mid wing
    срез законцовки крыла
    wig-tip rake
    статический разрядник крыла
    wing static discharger
    створка щели крыла
    wing slot door
    стреловидное крыло
    1. swept wing
    2. arrow-type wing стык консолей крыла
    wing outer panels joint
    стыковка крыла
    wing butting
    сужение крыла
    wing taper
    тенденция сваливания на крыло
    wing heaviness
    топливный бак, устанавливаемый на конце крыла
    wingtip fuel tank
    топливный отсек крыла
    wing integral fuel tank
    трапециевидное крыло
    tapered wing
    треугольное крыло
    delta wing
    убирать механизацию крыла воздушного судна
    clean the aircraft
    угол заклинения крыла
    wing setting angle
    угол стреловидности крыла
    wing sweep angle
    узел крепления крыла
    wing attachment fitting
    узел крепления крыла к фюзеляжу
    wing-to-fuselage attachment
    управляемое крыло
    all-moving wing
    условия обледенения крыла
    wing icing conditions
    установившееся обтекание крыла воздушным потоком
    steady airflow about the wing
    установка угла положения крыла
    wing setting
    устойчивость при скольжении на крыло
    side slipping stability
    устройство для уменьшения подъемной силы крыла
    lift dump device
    форма крыла в плане
    wing planform
    хвостовой зализ крыла
    wing tail fillet
    хорда крыла
    wing chord
    центроплан крыла
    center wing section
    щелевое крыло
    slotted wing
    щель крыла
    wing slot
    (для обдува) эллиптическое крыло
    elliptical wing

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > крыло

  • 11 presente

    adj.
    1 present.
    siempre está presente en mí su recuerdo her memory is always present in my mind
    aquí presente here present
    hacer presente algo a alguien to notify somebody of something
    ¡presente! present!
    Carlos Muñoz — ¡presente! Carlos Muñoz — present! (al pasar lista)
    2 current.
    del presente mes of this month
    intj.
    present, here.
    m.
    1 present (gen) & (grammar).
    presente histórico historical present
    2 gift, present (regalo).
    3 attendee, person who is present.
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: presentar.
    * * *
    1 present
    1 (tiempo) present
    2 LINGÚÍSTICA present tense
    3 (obsequio) gift
    1 those present
    \
    mejorando lo presente present company excepted
    por el presente for the moment
    por la presente... (en cartas) hereby
    tener presente to bear in mind
    presente histórico present historic
    * * *
    1. noun m.
    2) gift
    2. adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [en el espacio]

    -¡Miguel García! -¡presente! — "Miguel García!" - "here!"

    estar presente — to be present

    ¿estabas tú presente en esa reunión? — were you present at that meeting?

    esa posibilidad está siempre presente — there is always that possibility, that possibility always exists

    hacerse presente — to manifest o.s.

    tener algo presente — to bear sth in mind

    siempre os tendré presentes en mis pensamientos — you will always be in my thoughts, I will never forget you

    es muy buena actriz, mejorando lo presente — she's a very good actress, as you are yourself o just like you

    cuerpo 2)
    2) [en el tiempo] [año, mes, temporada] current; [momento] present
    3) LAm [en sobre]

    "presente" — "by hand"

    2.
    SMF

    los/las presentes — those present

    3. SM
    1) (tb: momento presente) present
    2) (Ling) present, present tense
    participio
    3) (=regalo) present, gift
    4.
    SF frm

    le comunico por la presente que... — I hereby inform you that... frm

    * * *
    I
    1) ( en un lugar) present

    Juan Prado - presente! — ( al pasar lista) Juan Prado - present o here!

    Presente — (CS) (Corresp) ≈ by hand

    hacerle presente a alguien — (frml) to notify somebody (frml)

    mejorando lo presente: es muy inteligente, mejorando lo presente he's very intelligent, as indeed are you; tener algo presente to bear something in mind; tener presente a alguien — to think of somebody, remember somebody

    2) ( actual) present

    el día 15 del presente mes — the 15th of this month, the 15th inst. (frml)

    en su atenta carta del 3 presente — (Méx frml) (Corresp) in your letter of the 3rd of this month o (frml) of the 3rd inst.

    el presente documento/contrato — (frml) (Corresp) this document/contract; ver tb presente III

    II
    1)
    b) (Ling) present (tense)
    2) los presentes masculino plural, las presentes femenino plural ( asistentes) those present
    3) ( regalo) gift, present
    III
    femenino (frml)

    por la presente me complace informarle que... — I am pleased to inform you that... (frml)

    por la presente pongo en su conocimiento que... — I am writing to inform you that... (frml)

    * * *
    I
    1) ( en un lugar) present

    Juan Prado - presente! — ( al pasar lista) Juan Prado - present o here!

    Presente — (CS) (Corresp) ≈ by hand

    hacerle presente a alguien — (frml) to notify somebody (frml)

    mejorando lo presente: es muy inteligente, mejorando lo presente he's very intelligent, as indeed are you; tener algo presente to bear something in mind; tener presente a alguien — to think of somebody, remember somebody

    2) ( actual) present

    el día 15 del presente mes — the 15th of this month, the 15th inst. (frml)

    en su atenta carta del 3 presente — (Méx frml) (Corresp) in your letter of the 3rd of this month o (frml) of the 3rd inst.

    el presente documento/contrato — (frml) (Corresp) this document/contract; ver tb presente III

    II
    1)
    b) (Ling) present (tense)
    2) los presentes masculino plural, las presentes femenino plural ( asistentes) those present
    3) ( regalo) gift, present
    III
    femenino (frml)

    por la presente me complace informarle que... — I am pleased to inform you that... (frml)

    por la presente pongo en su conocimiento que... — I am writing to inform you that... (frml)

    * * *
    el presente
    (n.) = present, the, immediate time

    Ex: While the reading habits of the elite form the leading edge of intellectual thought, the vast majority of humanity have had, in the past as well as the present, different habits and aims.

    Ex: And so, from its hardscrabble beginnings to immediate time, Wexler has lead a varied existence, changing from shipping point for fruit to resting place for travelers = Y por lo tanto, desde sus comienzos difíciles hasta el presente, Wexler ha llevado una vida variada, pasando de ser un centro de recepción y envío de fruta a un lugar de descanso para los viajeros.

    presente1
    1 = present.

    Ex: We are going to use the data elements defined in the present document as a base from which to begin.

    * desde + Expresión Temporal + hasta el presente = from + Expresión Temporal + up to the present.
    * el presente = thisness.
    * hacer hasta la presente = do + all along.
    * hasta el presente = until now, so far, up to now, to this day, as of this time, as of now, as of today, to date.
    * hasta la presente = to this day, as of this time, as of now, as of today, to date, so far, up to now.
    * orientado al presente = now-oriented.
    * por la presente = hereby.
    * preocupado por el presente = present-minded.
    * presente, el = present, the, immediate time.

    presente2
    2 = at work, attendant.

    Ex: Determining costs has proven difficult for many libraries involved in a recon project as there are so many variables at work.

    Ex: Quite obviously, as most children spend their infant years aware of very few people, usually members of their family, it is from them -- parents, brothers and sisters, attendant relatives and friends -- that they learn the primary adaptive lessons.
    * estar presente = be manifest, be present.
    * mantener presente = keep before.
    * no estar presente en = be absent (from).
    * no tener presente = be oblivious of/to.
    * omnipresente = ever-present.
    * tener presente = be mindful of/that, bear in + mind, consider (as), keep in + focus, keep in + mind, make + consideration, mind, make + provision for, have + regard for, be aware of.
    * tener presente las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.
    * téngase presente = witness.
    * teniendo esto presente = with this/that in mind.

    presente3
    3 = gift.

    Ex: That is the great gift literature can give one.

    * * *
    A (en un lugar) present
    no estuve presente en la reunión I wasn't present at the meeting
    el mineral estaba presente en cuatro de las muestras analizadas the mineral was found in four of the samples analyzed
    Juan Prado — ¡presente! (al pasar lista) Juan Prado — present o here!
    la guerra civil está presente en todas sus novelas the civil war is a constant feature in her novels
    [ S ] Presente (CS) ( Corresp) ≈ by hand
    hacerle presente a algn ( frml); to notify sb ( frml)
    me complace hacerle presente que su solicitud ha sido aceptada I am pleased to notify o inform you that your application has been accepted
    mejorando lo presente: es muy inteligente, mejorando lo presente he's very intelligent, as indeed are you
    tu hermana es muy simpática, mejorando lo presente your sister's very nice, just like you, your sister's very nice, it must run in the family
    tener algo presente to bear sth in mind
    tendré presente tu propuesta I'll bear your proposal in mind
    tengo siempre presentes sus consejos I always remember o bear in mind his advice
    tener presente a algn to think of sb, remember sb
    te tengo presente en mis oraciones I remember you in my prayers
    B (actual) present
    hasta el momento presente no hemos tenido noticias suyas up to the present time we have had no news of him
    a finales del presente año at the end of the current o present year
    el día 15 del presente mes the 15th of this month, the 15th inst. ( frml)
    en su atenta carta del 3 presente ( Méx frml) ( Corresp) in your letter of the 3rd of this month o ( frml) of the 3rd inst.
    el presente documento/contrato ( frml) ( Corresp) this document/contract
    ver tb presente3 (↑ presente (3))
    A
    1
    (en el tiempo): el presente the present
    2 ( Ling) present tense, present
    entre los presentes estaba el obispo among those present was the bishop
    los presentes permanecieron en silencio everyone there o those present remained silent
    ( frml)
    por la presente me complace informarle que … I am pleased to inform you that … ( frml)
    por la presente pongo en su conocimiento que … I am writing to inform you that … ( frml)
    los firmantes de la presente queremos expresar … we the undersigned wish to express … ( frml)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo presentar: ( conjugate presentar)

    presenté es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    presente es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    presentar    
    presente
    presentar ( conjugate presentar) verbo transitivo
    1

    b) ( exponer por primera vez) ‹libro/disco to launch;

    obra de arte to present;
    colección de moda to present, exhibit
    c) ( entregar) ‹informe/solicitud to submit;

    trabajo to hand in;
    renuncia to hand in, submit
    d) ( enseñar) ‹carnet/pasaporte to show

    e)disculpas/excusas to make;

    queja to file, make;
    cargos to bring;

    presente pruebas to present evidence
    f) (Mil):


    2 (TV) ‹ programa to present, introduce
    3 persona to introduce;

    4novedad/ventaja to offer;
    síntoma to show
    presentarse verbo pronominal
    1


    b) presentese a algo ‹ a examen to take sth;

    a concurso to enter sth;
    a elecciones› to take part in sth;
    se presenta como candidato independiente he's running (AmE) o (BrE) he's standing as an independent;

    presentese para un cargo to apply for a post
    2 [dificultad/problema] to arise, come up;
    [ oportunidad] to arise
    3 ( darse a conocer) to introduce oneself
    presente adjetivo
    1 ( en un lugar) [estar] present;
    ( on signs) Presente (CS) (Corresp) ≈ by hand;
    tener algo presente to bear sth in mind

    2 ( actual) present;

    el día 15 del presente mes the 15th of this month;
    en su atenta carta del 3 presente (Méx frml) (Corresp) in your letter of the 3rd of this month o (frml) of the 3rd inst.
    ■ sustantivo masculino
    1


    b) (Ling) present (tense)

    2
    los presentes sustantivo masculino plural ( asistentes) those present

    presentar verbo transitivo
    1 (un programa, pruebas, etc) to present
    2 (un producto) to launch
    3 (a una persona) to introduce
    4 (síntomas, características, etc) to have, show
    5 (disculpas) to give, present
    (condolencias) to give, pay
    6 (la dimisión) to hand in
    7 (una queja) to file, make
    presente
    I adjetivo
    1 (en un lugar) present: el personal presente puede votar, the staff here can vote
    2 (en el tiempo) present
    el presente año, the current year
    II sustantivo masculino
    1 (regalo) gift, present
    2 Ling present tense
    ♦ Locuciones: hacer presente, to declare, state
    tener presente, to bear in mind
    ' presente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    corriente
    - cuerpo
    - deber
    - duplicado
    - poder
    - respeto
    - sala
    - soler
    - tener
    - ya
    - actualidad
    - ahora
    - asistir
    - ausente
    - indicativo
    - misa
    English:
    attend
    - be
    - bear
    - hereby
    - innocent
    - likelihood
    - mind
    - must
    - now
    - opportunity
    - present
    - attendance
    - certify
    - introduce
    - live
    - time
    * * *
    adj
    1. [asistente, que está delante] present;
    yo estuve presente el día que hicieron la reunión I was present on the day of the meeting;
    siempre está presente en mí su recuerdo her memory is always present in my mind;
    aquí presente here present;
    hacer presente algo a alguien to notify sb of sth;
    tener presente [recordar] to remember;
    [tener en cuenta] to bear in mind;
    lo tenemos presente en nuestros ruegos we remember him in our prayers;
    ten presente que acaba de salir del hospital bear in mind that she has just left hospital;
    Carlos Muñoz – ¡presente! [al pasar lista] Carlos Muñoz – present!;
    mejorando lo presente: es muy guapa, mejorando lo presente she's very pretty, though not as pretty as you;
    todos los hombres son idiotas, mejorando lo presente all men are stupid, present company excepted
    2. [en curso] current;
    del presente mes of this month;
    en las presentes circunstancias es mejor no decir nada in the present circumstances it is best to say nothing
    nmf
    [en un lugar]
    los/las (aquí) presentes everyone present;
    invitó a los presentes a acudir a la próxima reunión he invited everyone present to attend the next meeting
    nm
    1. [tiempo actual] present;
    2. Gram present
    presente histórico historical present;
    presente de indicativo present indicative;
    presente de subjuntivo present subjunctive
    3. [regalo] gift, present
    4. [corriente]
    el presente [mes] the current month;
    [año] the current year
    nf
    [escrito]
    por la presente le informo… I hereby inform you…;
    por la presente se le comunica su nombramiento como tesorero I am writing to inform you that you have been appointed treasurer
    * * *
    I adj present;
    en el caso presente in the present case o situation;
    tener algo presente bear sth in mind;
    ¡presente! here!;
    mejorando lo presente just like you
    II m tiempo present
    III m/f
    :
    los presentes those present
    IV f
    :
    por la presente le informamos que … we hereby wish to inform you that …
    * * *
    1) : present, in attendance
    2) : present, current
    3)
    tener presente : to keep in mind
    1) : present (time, tense)
    2) : one present
    entre los presentes se encontraban...: those present included...
    * * *
    presente adj n present

    Spanish-English dictionary > presente

  • 12 фокус,


    aerodynamic center
    аэродинамический
    - крыла, аэродинамический — aerodynamic center of wing
    точка внутри крыла, относительно которой аэродинамический момент продольной устойчивости не зависит от угла атаки, — а point located on the wing chord approximately one quater of the chord length back of the leading edge about which the moment coefficient is practically constant for all angles of attack.

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > фокус,

  • 13 аэродинамический

    аэродинамическая балансировка
    aerodynamic balance
    аэродинамическая грузоподъемность
    lifting capacity
    аэродинамическая жесткость
    aerodynamic stiffness
    аэродинамическая крутка
    1. aerodynamic twist
    2. aerodynamic warping аэродинамическая нагрузка
    aerodynamic load
    аэродинамическая несущая поверхность
    aerodynamic lifting surface
    аэродинамическая неустойчивость
    aerodynamic instability
    аэродинамическая передняя кромка
    aerodynamic leading edge
    аэродинамическая поверхность
    aerodynamic surface
    аэродинамическая подъемная сила
    aerodynamic lift
    аэродинамическая реакция
    aerodynamic reaction
    аэродинамическая сила
    aerodynamic force
    аэродинамическая система управления креном
    aerodynamic roll system
    аэродинамическая схема
    aerodynamic design
    аэродинамическая труба
    1. wind channel
    2. wind tunnel аэродинамическая труба больших скоростей
    high-speed wind tunnel
    аэродинамическая труба вертикального типа
    vertical wind tunnel
    аэродинамическая труба для испытаний на сваливание в штопор
    spin wind tunnel
    аэродинамическая труба для испытания моделей в натуральную величину
    full-scale wind tunnel
    аэродинамическая труба замкнутого типа
    closed-circuit tunnel
    аэродинамическая труба имитации свободного полета
    free-flight wind tunnel
    аэродинамическая труба околозвуковых скоростей
    transonic wind tunnel
    аэродинамическая труба открытого типа
    open-circuit wind tunnel
    аэродинамическая труба с закрытой рабочей частью
    closed-throat wind tunnel
    аэродинамическая устойчивость
    aerodynamic stability
    аэродинамическая характеристика
    1. aerodynamic characteristic
    2. aerodynamic performance 3. aerodynamic property аэродинамическая хорда
    aerodynamic chord
    аэродинамические характеристики
    aerodynamic behavior
    аэродинамический гребень на крыле
    wing fence
    аэродинамический коэффициент
    aerodynamic coefficient
    аэродинамический момент
    aerodynamic moment
    аэродинамический нагрев
    aerodynamic heating
    аэродинамический профиль
    1. aerofoil
    2. airfoil аэродинамический след
    aerodynamic trail
    аэродинамический тормоз
    1. speed brake
    2. aerodynamic brake 3. airbrake аэродинамический фокус
    aerodynamic center
    аэродинамический шум
    aerodynamic noise
    аэродинамический экран
    aerodynamic shield
    аэродинамическое возмущение
    aerodynamic distribution
    аэродинамическое давление
    aerodynamic pressure
    аэродинамическое демпфирование
    aerodynamic damping
    аэродинамическое запаздывание
    aerodynamic lag
    аэродинамическое затенение
    1. blanketing effect
    2. aerodynamic shading аэродинамическое исследование
    aerodynamic study
    (конструкции) аэродинамическое качество
    1. aerodynamic quality
    2. fineness ratio 3. aerodynamic efficiency 4. aerodynamic fineness аэродинамическое совершенство
    aerodynamic cleanness
    аэродинамическое сопротивление
    aerodynamic drag
    аэродинамическое торможение
    aerodynamic braking
    аэродинамическое чистое крыло
    clean wing
    весы аэродинамической трубы
    wind-tunnel balance
    влияние стенок аэродинамической трубы
    tunnel wall interference
    давление в аэродинамической трубе
    wind-tunnel pressure
    датчик положения аэродинамических тормозов
    air-brake pickoff
    имитатор аэродинамических нагрузок
    air-load simulator
    испытание в аэродинамической трубе
    wind-tunnel test
    кривизна аэродинамического профиля
    aerofoil camber
    лобовое сопротивление аэродинамической поверхности
    aerofoil drag
    модель для проведения аэродинамических испытаний
    aerodynamic test vehicle
    мощность на преодоление аэродинамического сопротивления
    induced drag power
    оборудование безэховой аэродинамической трубы
    unechoic wind tunnel facilities
    продувать в аэродинамической трубе
    test in the wind tunnel
    профиль аэродинамической поверхности
    aerofoil profile
    распределение аэродинамической нагрузки
    air-load distribution
    система аэродинамических тормозов
    speed brake system
    средняя аэродинамическая хорда
    mean aerodynamic chord
    средняя линия аэродинамического профиля
    airfoil center line
    температура аэродинамического нагрева
    aerodynamic heat temperature
    управление креном с помощью аэродинамической поверхности
    aerodynamic roll control
    управление с помощью аэродинамической поверхности
    aerodynamic control
    участок аэродинамической поверхности
    aerofoil section
    центр аэродинамического давления
    center of air pressure
    элерон с аэродинамической компенсацией
    aerodynamically-balanced

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > аэродинамический

  • 14 papel

    m.
    1 paper (material).
    papel de embalar o envolver wrapping paper
    papel de estaño tin o aluminum foil
    papel de estraza brown paper
    papel de fumar cigarette paper
    papel higiénico toilet paper
    papel de lija sandpaper
    papel milimetrado graph paper
    papel de periódico newspaper, newsprint
    papel pintado wallpaper
    papel de regalo wrapping paper, gift-wrapping
    papel secante blotting paper
    papel de seda tissue paper
    papel sellado o timbrado stamp, stamped paper
    papel vegetal tracing paper
    un papel en blanco a blank sheet of paper
    papel de aluminio tin o aluminum foil
    papel de barba untrimmed paper
    papel biblia bible paper
    papel carbón carbon paper
    papel de carta notepaper
    papel cebolla onionskin
    papel celofán Cellophane®
    papel de cocina kitchen roll
    papel cuadriculado graph paper
    2 role, part (en película, teatro) (& figurative).
    desempeñar o hacer el papel de to play the role o part of
    hacer buen/mal papel to do well/badly
    papel principal/secundario main/minor part
    3 paper (finance).
    papel de pagos = special stamps for making certain payments to the State
    papel del Estado government bonds
    papel moneda paper money, banknotes
    4 piece of paper.
    * * *
    1 (gen) paper; (hoja) piece of paper
    2 (en obra, película) role, part
    ¿qué papel te ha tocado en la obra? what's your role in the play?
    3 (función) role
    ¿qué papel desempeñas en la empresa? what's your role in the company?
    ¿tienes los papeles en regla? are your papers in order?
    \
    hacer el papel to pretend
    hacer el papel de alguien (en teatro, cine) to play the part of somebody
    hacer mal papel to do badly
    hacer buen papel to do well
    aprenderse el papel to learn one's lines
    saberse el papel to know one's lines
    perder los papeles to lose control
    ser papel mojado to be worthless, not be worth the paper it's printed on
    sobre el papel on paper
    papel de aluminio aluminium foil
    papel de arroz rice paper
    papel de calcar tracing paper
    papel de carta writing paper
    papel de escribir notepaper, writing paper
    papel de estraza brown paper
    papel de fumar cigarette paper
    papel de lija sandpaper
    papel de plata silver foil, tinfoil
    papel de seda tissue paper
    papel carbón carbon paper
    papel cebolla onionskin
    papel celo sticky tape, Sellotape
    papel charol glazed paper
    papel cuadriculado squared paper
    papel guarro artist's paper
    papel higiénico toilet paper
    papel maché papier-mâché
    papel moneda paper money
    papel parafinado greaseproof paper
    papel pintado wallpaper
    papel satinado glossy paper
    papel secante blotting paper
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) part, role
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=material) paper

    un papel[pequeño] a piece of paper; (=hoja, folio) a sheet of paper

    papel confort Chile toilet paper

    papel craft CAm, Méx waxed paper

    papel cuadriculado — squared paper, graph paper

    papel de aluminio — tinfoil, aluminium o (EEUU) aluminum foil

    papel de calcar, papel de calco — tracing paper

    papel de embalaje, papel de embalar — wrapping paper

    papel de estaño — tinfoil, aluminium o (EEUU) aluminum foil

    papel de excusado toilet paper

    entre ellos no cabía un papel de fumar Esp you couldn't have got a razor's edge between them

    papel de oficio LAm official foolscap paper

    papel de regalo — gift wrap, wrapping paper

    papel fiduciario — fiduciary issue, fiat currency

    papel madera Cono Sur brown wrapping paper

    papel mojado — scrap of paper, worthless bit of paper

    papel sanitario Méx toilet paper

    papel timbrado — stamp, stamp paper

    papel usado, papeles usados — wastepaper sing

    2) pl papeles (=documentos) papers, documents; (=carnet) identification papers

    los papeles, por favor — your papers, please

    3) (=actuación) (Cine, Teat) part, role; (fig) role

    tuvo que desempeñar un papel secundario — he had to play second fiddle, he had to take a minor role

    hacer buen/mal papel — to make a good/bad impression

    4) (=billetes)

    papel moneda — paper money, banknotes pl

    5) (Econ) (=bonos) stocks and shares pl
    6) Esp ** 1,000-peseta note; And one-peso note
    7) LAm (=bolsa) bag
    PAPEL El sustantivo papel se puede traducir en inglés por paper o por piece of paper. Lo traducimos por paper cuando nos referimos al papel como material: ¿Todo el mundo tiene lápiz y papel? Has everybody got a pencil and paper? ► Si papel se refiere a una hoja de papel no lo traducimos por paper, sino por a piece of paper si nos referimos a un trozo de papel pequeño y por a sheet of paper si nos referimos a una hoja de papel o a un folio: ¿Has visto el papel en el que estaba apuntando mis notas? Have you seen that sheet of paper I was making notes on? Apúntalo en este papel Write it down on this piece of paper ► Si nos referimos a varias hojas o trozos de papel en blanco utilizamos sheets o pieces: Necesitamos varios papeles We need several pieces of paper ► Si nos referimos a papeles que ya están escritos, se pueden traducir por papers: Tengo que ordenar todos estos papeles I must sort out all these papers Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    1) ( material) paper

    toalla/pañuelo de papel — paper towel/tissue

    2) ( documento) document, paper
    3) (Fin)
    a) ( valores) commercial paper
    b) ( dinero) tb
    4)
    a) (Cin, Teatr) role, part

    hizo un lamentable/triste papel en el congreso — his performance at the conference was abysmal/terrible

    c) ( función) role
    * * *
    1) ( material) paper

    toalla/pañuelo de papel — paper towel/tissue

    2) ( documento) document, paper
    3) (Fin)
    a) ( valores) commercial paper
    b) ( dinero) tb
    4)
    a) (Cin, Teatr) role, part

    hizo un lamentable/triste papel en el congreso — his performance at the conference was abysmal/terrible

    c) ( función) role
    * * *
    papel1
    1 = role.

    Ex: The role of analytical entries in an online catalogue is less clear.

    * adoptar un papel = take + role.
    * asumir el papel = dress + the part.
    * asumir el papel de = step into + the role of.
    * asumir el papel de Alguien = step into + the shoes of, stand in + Posesivo + shoes.
    * asumir un papel = assume + role.
    * confundir los papeles = blur + roles.
    * desdibujar los papeles = blur + roles.
    * desempeñar un papel = fulfil + role, perform + role, fit into + the picture, play + role.
    * desempeñar un papel secundario = play + second fiddle.
    * examinar el papel de Algo = investigate + role.
    * identificarse con un papel = project + Reflexivo + into + role.
    * inversión de papeles = reversal of roles, role reversal.
    * jugar un papel = play + role.
    * papel central = pivotal role.
    * papel de regulación y supervisión = stewardship.
    * papel de reparto = secondary role.
    * papel esencial = pivotal role, vital role.
    * papel fundamental = pivotal role.
    * papel principal = title role.
    * papel protagonista = title role.
    * papel secundario = secondary role.
    * papel vital = vital role.
    * perder los papeles = lose + control (of), lose + Posesivo + cool, lose + Posesivo + head, fly off + the handle, freak out, flip out.
    * por su papel = in its role.
    * tomar un papel secundario = take + a back seat.

    papel2
    2 = paper, stationery, paper stock.

    Ex: Folders allow a set of papers to be kept together when a set on a given topic is removed from the file.

    Ex: Dual dictionaries are not card-based, but are computer produced post-co-ordinate indexes where usually two identical lists are printed on continuous computer stationery.
    Ex: As far as durability is concerned, comic books are now published on heavier, higher quality paper stock; the days of newsprint are largely gone = En lo que respecta a la durabilidad, los tebeos se publican ahora en papel de mayor grosor y calidad; los días del papel de "periódico" de baja calidad en general pertenecen al pasado.
    * abanicar el papel = fan (out) + paper.
    * acidez del papel = paper acidity.
    * acolchado con papel = paper padded.
    * atasco de papel = paper jam.
    * bandeja de alimentación de papel = feed tray.
    * basado en el papel = paper-based.
    * bloque de papel = pad of paper.
    * bolsa de papel = paper carrier, paper bag.
    * caja de pañuelos de papel = box of tissue.
    * calidad del papel = paper quality.
    * cinta de papel continuo = web of paper.
    * clip para el papel = paper clip.
    * confección de papel = paper-making [papermaking].
    * con papel de calco intercalado = carbon interleaved paper.
    * copia de papel de calco = carbon copy.
    * copia en papel = hard copy [hardcopy].
    * cubierta de papel = paper cover.
    * dispensador de papel de cocina = kitchen roll holder.
    * dispensador de toallitas de papel = kitchen roll holder.
    * documento en papel = paper document.
    * edición en papel coloreado = coloured-paper issue.
    * encuadernación flexible en papel = limp paper binding.
    * en formato papel = in hard copy, paper-based.
    * en papel = in print, paper-based, in hard copy.
    * envoltorio de papel = paper wrapper.
    * existencias de papel = paper stock.
    * fabricación de papel = paper-making [papermaking], paper manufacturing.
    * fábrica de papel = paper mill, pulp and paper mill.
    * farolillo de papel = Chinese lantern.
    * fibra de papel = paper fibre.
    * forma de papel vitela = wove mould.
    * forma de un solo fondo para papel verjurado = single-faced laid mould.
    * forma para papel verjurado = laid mould.
    * formato de presentación en papel = hard copy format.
    * funda de papel = paper jacket.
    * hoja de papel = slip of paper, sheet of paper.
    * hoja de papel continuo = web of paper.
    * hoja de papel encerada = wax sheet.
    * impresión en papel = print on paper.
    * impreso en papel = paper-printed.
    * industria del papel = paper industry.
    * invasión del papel, la = paper storm, the.
    * letra cuya impresión en papel no está completa = broken letter.
    * mano de papel = quire.
    * máquina continua de papel = paper-making machine.
    * máquina de papel continuo = newsprint machine.
    * máquina de perforar papeles = desk punch.
    * máquina Fourdrinier de papel continuo = newsprint Fourdrinier.
    * mundo del papel impreso, el = paper world, the.
    * oficina sin papel = paperless office.
    * pañuelo de papel = tissue.
    * papel acídico = acidic paper.
    * papel ácido = acid paper, acidic paper.
    * papel adhesivo = contact paper.
    * papel Albal = tinfoil [tin foil], kitchen foil, aluminum foil, aluminium foil.
    * papel alcalino = alkaline paper.
    * papel a mano-máquina = mouldmade paper.
    * papel avitelado = wove paper.
    * papel comercial = commercial paper.
    * papel con membrete = letterhead.
    * papel continuo = web, continuous paper.
    * papel continuo de períodico = newsprint.
    * papel cuadriculado = graph paper.
    * papel cuché = art paper, coated paper.
    * papel de acidez neutralizada = deacidified paper.
    * papel de aluminio = aluminium foil, tinfoil [tin foil], kitchen foil, aluminum foil.
    * papel de arroz = rice paper, pith paper.
    * papel de biblia = Bible paper.
    * papel debilitado = brittle paper.
    * papel de calcar = tracing paper.
    * papel de calco = carbon paper, carbon, tracing paper.
    * papel de cera = greaseproof paper, waxed paper.
    * papel de China = rice paper, pith paper.
    * papel de cocina = paper towel, kitchen paper.
    * papel de colores = coloured paper.
    * papel de embalar = wrapping paper.
    * papel de empapelar = wallpaper.
    * papel de envolver = wrapping paper.
    * papel de envolver regalos = gift wrapping paper.
    * papel de escribir = writing paper.
    * papel de escritura = bond paper.
    * papel de esmeril = emery paper.
    * papel de esparto = esparto paper.
    * papel de imprenta = printing paper, copy paper.
    * papel de lija = sandpaper, emery paper.
    * papel de multicopista = run-off paper.
    * papel de pasta = paste paper.
    * papel de periódico = newsprint.
    * papel de plata = tinfoil [tin foil], kitchen foil, aluminum foil, aluminium foil.
    * papel desacidificado = deacidified paper.
    * papel de seda = tissue paper, tissue sheet.
    * papel de tela = rag paper.
    * papel de tornasol = litmus paper.
    * papel de trapo = rag paper.
    * papel de virutas = woodchip paper.
    * papel digital = digital paper.
    * papel dominante = alpha role.
    * papel durable = durable paper.
    * papel duradero = durable paper.
    * papel esmeril = emery paper.
    * papel estraza = brown paper.
    * papel estucado = art paper, coated paper.
    * papel hecho a mano = hand-made paper.
    * papel hecho a máquina = machine-made paper.
    * papel higiénico = toilet paper, loo paper.
    * papel hilo = bond paper.
    * papel inservible = scrap paper, scrap.
    * papel kraft = kraft.
    * papel lignario = ligneous paper.
    * papel moneda = banknote, paper money.
    * papel neutro = acid-free paper.
    * papel no ácido = acid-free paper.
    * papel perforado continuo = continuous computer stationery.
    * papel permanente = permanent paper, durable paper.
    * papel plastificado = laminated paper, plasticised paper.
    * papel reciclado = recycled paper.
    * papel satinado = glossy paper.
    * papel secante = blotting paper, blotter.
    * papel sin acidez = acid-free paper.
    * papel soporte para estucado = body paper.
    * papel verjurado = laid paper.
    * papel verjurado hecho a máquina = machine-made laid paper.
    * papel verjurado manual = laid hand-made paper.
    * papel vitela = wove paper.
    * pasta de papel = stuff.
    * plato de papel = paper plate.
    * poner papel en la impresora = load + printer.
    * publicación en papel = paper publication.
    * publicación sin papel = paperless publishing.
    * que no está en papel = non-paper [non paper].
    * recipiente de papel = paper container.
    * reproducción en papel = blowback.
    * reproductor de microformas en papel = reader/printer [reader-printer].
    * rollo de papel de cocina = kitchen roll.
    * rollo de papel higiénico = loo roll.
    * rollo de toallitas de papel = kitchen roll.
    * saco de papel = paper sack.
    * separación mediante papel = paper splitting.
    * sin papel = paperless.
    * sobre el papel = in intent, nominally.
    * sociedad del papel = paper society.
    * sociedad sin papel, la = paperless society, the.
    * sólo en papel = print-only.
    * toallita de papel = paper towel, kitchen paper.
    * trozo de papel = slip.
    * un mar de papel = a sea of + paper.

    * * *
    A (material) paper
    necesito papel y lápiz I need a pencil and paper
    ¿tienes un papel? do you have a piece of paper?
    una hoja de papel a piece o sheet of paper
    tenía la mesa cubierta de papeles her table was covered in papers
    el suelo estaba lleno de papeles de caramelos the floor was littered with candy ( AmE) o ( BrE) sweet papers o wrappers
    toalla/pañuelo de papel paper towel/tissue
    blanco como el papel (as) white as a sheet
    perder los papeles to lose one's touch
    el equipo visitante perdió los papeles en la segunda parte the visiting team lost their touch o edge in the second half
    sobre el papel on paper
    Compuestos:
    continuous listing paper
    papel Albal®
    amate m 2. (↑ amate)
    India paper, Bible paper
    papel carbón or ( RPl) carbónico
    carbon paper
    onionskin paper, onionskin
    cellophane®
    glazed paper
    ( Chi) toilet paper
    continuous listing paper
    papel crepé or crêpe
    crepe paper
    squared paper
    coated paper ( AmE), art paper ( BrE)
    tinfoil, aluminum* foil, Bacofoil® ( BrE)
    rice paper
    airmail paper
    untrimmed paper
    (translúcido) tracing paper; (entintado) carbon paper
    (entintado) carbon paper; ( Arquit) film
    writing paper, note paper
    waxed o wax paper, greaseproof paper ( BrE)
    bond paper
    ( Impr) newsprint
    envuélvelo en papel de diario wrap it in newspaper
    wrapping paper
    wrapping paper
    gray* paper
    sandpaper
    ser más basto que un papel de lija ( fam); to be as common as muck ( colloq)
    pattern paper, tear-resistant tissue paper ( used for clothes patterns)
    ( Impr) newsprint
    lo envolvió en papel de periódico she wrapped it in newspaper
    (para cocina) tinfoil, aluminum* foil; (en paquetes de cigarrillos, etc) silver paper
    wrapping paper
    tissue paper
    litmus paper
    glass paper
    ( fam); toilet paper, loo paper ( BrE colloq)
    filter paper
    photographic paper
    ( RPl) glazed paper
    toilet paper
    papier-mâché
    papel Manila or ( RPl) madera
    manila paper, manila
    scrap paper, waste paper
    el contrato es papel mojado the contract isn't worth the paper it's written on
    (CS) wallpaper
    papel or papelillo de fumar
    cigarette paper
    ( RPl) confetti
    ( Esp) crepe paper
    wallpaper
    newsprint
    recycled paper
    blotting paper
    fiscal paper
    tracing paper
    fiscal paper
    film
    laid paper
    B (documento) document, paper
    los papeles del coche the car documents o papers
    no tenía los papeles en regla her papers were not in order
    C ( Fin)
    1 (valores) commercial paper
    papel moneda paper money
    Compuestos:
    government bonds (pl), government paper
    certificate of payment ( to government agency)
    D
    1 ( Cin, Teatr) role, part
    la actriz que hace el papel de institutriz the actress who plays the part of the governess
    está muy bien en el papel de Robespierre he's very good as Robespierre
    le dieron el papel de San José he was given the part o role of Joseph
    2
    (actuación): hizo un papel lamentable en el congreso his performance at the conference was abysmal, he performed abysmally at the conference
    si no le regalas nada vas a hacer muy mal papel you're going to look very bad if you don't give her anything
    ¡hizo un papel tan ridículo! he made such a fool of himself!
    el coro del colegio hizo un triste papel en el festival the school choir gave a terrible o woeful performance at the festival
    3 (función) role
    jugó un papel decisivo en la campaña it played a decisive role o part in the campaign
    Compuestos:
    supporting o support role
    ( Cin, Teatr) star role
    leading role
    el papel principal que tienen las mujeres en algunos países the lead role that women have in some countries
    ( Cin, Teatr) supporting role
    * * *

     

    papel sustantivo masculino
    1 ( material) paper;

    toalla de papel paper towel;
    papel carbón carbon paper;
    papel cuadriculado/rayado squared/lined paper;
    papel de aluminio tinfoil, aluminum( conjugate aluminum) foil;
    papel de embalar/de envolver/de regalo wrapping paper;
    papel higiénico or de water toilet paper;
    papel picado (RPl) confetti
    2 ( documento) document, paper;

    3
    a) (Cin, Teatr) role, part;




    c) ( función) role;

    juega un papel importante en … it plays an important role in …

    papel sustantivo masculino
    1 paper
    papel de aluminio, aluminium foil
    papel de fumar, cigarette paper
    papel de lija, sandpaper
    papel higiénico, toilet paper
    Fin papel moneda, paper money, banknotes pl; papel pintado, wallpaper
    2 (trozo, hoja) piece o sheet of paper
    3 (documento) document
    4 Cine Teat role, part
    5 (función, cometido) role
    6 papeles, (documentación) documents, identification papers
    ♦ Locuciones: perder los papeles, to lose one's self-control
    ser algo papel mojado, to be useless
    ' papel' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    arruga
    - arrugar
    - arrugarse
    - blanquear
    - cadeneta
    - calco
    - cartucho
    - como
    - contenedor
    - cuadriculada
    - cuadriculado
    - cucurucho
    - de
    - desempeñar
    - destrozar
    - economizar
    - editar
    - emisión
    - emitir
    - empapelar
    - encarnar
    - ensayar
    - envolver
    - estampar
    - estraza
    - estropear
    - estrujar
    - fábrica
    - filigrana
    - formato
    - gastar
    - gramaje
    - hacer
    - higiénica
    - higiénico
    - hoja
    - impresa
    - impreso
    - interpretar
    - jugar
    - lija
    - milimetrada
    - milimetrado
    - moneda
    - pajarita
    - pauta
    - perforación
    - perforado
    - perforadora
    - picar
    English:
    act
    - ashen
    - ball
    - blank
    - break
    - bring off
    - brown paper
    - carbon copy
    - carbon paper
    - cast
    - clean
    - clip
    - contact paper
    - crackle
    - crease
    - cup
    - currency
    - cut out
    - dare
    - deathly
    - decorate
    - enact
    - envelope
    - foil
    - fold
    - fulfil
    - fulfill
    - grade
    - graph paper
    - greaseproof paper
    - grubby
    - hang
    - heavy
    - high
    - impress
    - imprint
    - landscape
    - lead
    - legal-size
    - letter-size
    - letterhead
    - line
    - lined
    - margin
    - mill
    - minor
    - need
    - newsprint
    - notepaper
    - pad
    * * *
    papel nm
    1. [material] paper;
    [hoja] sheet of paper; [trozo] piece of paper;
    una bolsa de papel a paper bag;
    un papel en blanco a blank sheet of paper;
    espera un momento, que agarro lápiz y papel wait a moment while I get a pencil and paper;
    sobre el papel [teóricamente] on paper;
    perder los papeles [perder control] to lose one's cool, to lose control;
    RP, Ven Fam [estar desorientado] to lose one's touch;
    ser papel mojado to be worthless
    Esp papel albal® tin o aluminium foil;
    papel de aluminio tin o aluminium foil;
    RP papel de armar cigarette paper;
    papel de arroz rice paper;
    papel (de) barba untrimmed paper;
    papel biblia bible paper;
    papel de borrador scrap o waste paper;
    papel de calco o de calcar [transparente] tracing paper;
    [entintado] carbon paper;
    papel carbón o RP carbónico carbon paper;
    papel de carta notepaper;
    papel cebolla onionskin;
    papel celofán Cellophane®;
    papel de cera [para envolver] Br greaseproof paper, US wax paper;
    papel charol coloured tissue paper;
    Chile papel confort toilet paper; Informát papel continuo continuous paper;
    papel couché coated (magazine) paper;
    Am papel crepé crepe paper; Col papel crespón crepe paper;
    papel cuadriculado graph paper;
    papel cuché coated paper;
    papel ecológico acid-free paper;
    papel de embalar o de embalaje wrapping paper;
    papel de envolver wrapping paper;
    papel de estaño tin o aluminium foil;
    papel de estraza brown paper;
    papel de fumar cigarette paper;
    RP papel glasé coloured tissue paper;
    papel higiénico toilet paper;
    papel de lija sandpaper;
    papel maché papier-mâché;
    CSur papel madera brown paper; RP papel manteca [para envolver] Br greaseproof o US wax paper;
    papel milimetrado graph paper;
    Chile papel mural wallpaper; Am papel oficio foolscap;
    papel pautado [para música] (music) manuscript paper, staff paper;
    papel pentagramado [para música] (music) manuscript paper, staff paper;
    papel de periódico newspaper, newsprint;
    RP papel picado confetti; Esp papel pinocho crepe paper;
    papel pintado wallpaper;
    papel de plata tin o aluminium foil;
    papel reciclado recycled paper;
    papel de regalo wrapping paper;
    Cuba papel sanitario toilet paper;
    papel secante blotting paper;
    papel de seda tissue (paper);
    papel sellado stamped paper, = paper bearing an official stamp to show that the corresponding tax has been paid;
    Am & Informát papel tapiz wallpaper; Informát papel térmico thermal paper;
    papel timbrado stamped paper, = paper bearing an official stamp to show that the corresponding tax has been paid;
    Guat, Ven papel toilette o tualé toilet paper; Quím papel tornasol litmus paper;
    papel vegetal tracing paper
    2. [en película, teatro] role, part;
    hacer o [m5] representar el papel de to play the role o part of
    papel principal main part;
    papel secundario minor part
    3. [función] role, part;
    hace el papel de padre y de madre he plays the role of both father and mother;
    desempeña un papel crucial en la compañía she plays a crucial role in the company;
    ¡vaya un papel que vamos a hacer con tantos lesionados! we're going to make a poor showing with so many injuries!;
    hacer (un) buen/mal papel to make a good/poor showing
    4. Fin [valores] stocks and shares
    papel del Estado government bonds;
    papel moneda paper money, banknotes;
    papel de pagos (al Estado) = special stamps for making certain payments to the State
    5. Esp Fam Antes [1.000 pesetas] = thousand pesetas
    6.
    papeles [documentos, identificación] papers;
    los papeles del coche the car's registration documents;
    tener los papeles en regla to have one's papers in order;
    los sin papeles undocumented immigrants
    7. Fam
    los papeles [la prensa escrita] the papers
    * * *
    1 m paper; trozo piece of paper;
    ser papel mojado fig not be worth the paper it’s written on
    2 TEA, fig
    role;
    hacer buen/mal papel fig prove useful/useless;
    perder los papeles lose control
    * * *
    papel nm
    1) : paper, piece of paper
    2) : role, part
    3)
    papel de estaño : tinfoil
    4)
    papel pintado : wallpaper
    5)
    papel higiénico : toilet paper
    6)
    papel de lija : sandpaper
    * * *
    1. (en general) paper
    2. (en el teatro, cine) part
    papel de aluminio silver paper / silver foil

    Spanish-English dictionary > papel

  • 15 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

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